Introduction to Communication Review Summary

 Chapter One Introduction
Study Guide: This chapter is the
First, the concept:
1.1964 years, Lazarsfeld in the University of Illinois founded the first Institute of Communication.
II Q & A:
1. Communication definition of what is broadly divided into three types:
A: ① Jiangtiao sharing of information dissemination is this
is shared through the dissemination of a message, a thought or attitude, aimed at building awareness among the common. Schramm said: a set of symbols to tell the same intention. B was originally no such intention. Hovland and other American experimental psychologist, believes that communication is technology and other content, such acts passed clam dig ǔ3 spectrum harness ァ thin? lt; p>
Communication Research Section of the scope and object
First, the concept
1. Communication: Communication is of a social, commonality of human behavior and information exchange activities.
2. Communication object of study:
First, according to information passed by the range size, communication can be divided into five research level, that self-communication, interpersonal communication, group communication, organizational communication and mass communication.
Second, the structure itself according to communication research can be divided into three levels: theory, models, research methods (quantitative, qualitative) .
third, according to different areas of research by vertical or horizontal level and research priorities. longitudinal study are: the ancient spread of ideas, organize and analyze the evolution of modern mass communication and so on. horizontal study are: Information Systems Research mm and information processing theory and related technical issues.
Fourth, the dissemination of research can be divided into macro and micro research on two levels.
3. self-communication: within the body or human communication exchanges per a person's own self-communication.
4. personal communication: between the narrow sense refers to the individual and the individual face to face exchange of information. broad, including groups, including communication and organizational communication.
5. flocks: the group communication, refers to the people in the : refers to the spread of modern media organization mm through newspapers, radio, television, movies, magazines, books, etc., on the very wide range of audience that information dissemination activities. a wide audience.
II Q &
1. briefly the origin of Western communication, development and school
all human communication is the study of communication behavior and communication takes place, the law of development and the dissemination and the relationship between the knowledge society.
communication since the 40s of the century, a product of interdisciplinary research. Communication Festival in the United States, scholars from different angles to explore propagation, the formation of a variety of communication modes, using different theoretical analysis transmission. At the international level, communication research can be divided into two schools: the tradition of the United States as the center of school, to Western Europe as the center of the critical school.
2. What are the characteristics of mass communication with mass media
: Yes refers to the spread of modern media organization mm through newspapers, radio, television, movies, magazines, books, etc., on the very wide range of audience that information dissemination activities. audience.
the characteristics of mass communication and interpersonal communication generally different.
① It requires a specific media to transmit information, the characteristics of these media are not the same, collectively referred to as the mass media.
② the mass transfer The information is public, for society; audience is large, anonymous, independently of each other.
③ mass communication is basically one-way flow of information, the audience is not know its name, and from the audience the residence of the feedback is limited, backward.
④ modern science and technology, especially the rapid development of electronic technology to make mass communication more efficient and widespread information transfer. ⑤ Most of the content of mass communication by the organization (broadcaster) and published by professional communicators, not issued by an individual.
In addition, the mass media also has a strong selectivity.
3. Network Communication and Mass Communication What is the difference?
Communication Section and Mass Communication
Q:
1. communication and mass communication links and differences between what?
Broadly speaking, this is two separate courses; narrow sense, which means the Mass Communication Communication.
theoretical framework from the point of view, communication is the study of communication behaviors and patterns of all human knowledge, it can have many branches. Communication is a big concept, the concept of mass communication is small.
Communication research areas wider than mass communication. Communication is the overall theoretical framework provided; Mass Communication is an extension of communication theory, and its relative independence. Mass Communication Theory in the overall communication is still the thriving, research position at the forefront. We continue to study mass communication at the same time, it should be as a basis for further expansion in other areas of communication.
2. Communication and Journalism and links What is the difference? < br> car inside and outside of Communication and Journalism of the relationship has a different point of view, a view that they exist, , despite the mass communication research was mainly targeted at newspapers, radio, television, books and other mass media, the study of the news also is one of the major newspapers, radio and television, but the communication and information are independent and are not necessary can not replace each other.
difference:
① emphasis on communication theory, journalism emphasis on operational research.
② research methods: Journalism follow the spread of the humanities-based qualitative analysis speculative; spread Studies using experimental analysis of the declaration.
③ Subjects: Journalism Research in the content production and dissemination of information disseminators; communication studies over the media, audience and spread the whole process.
Communication and Information Although some school links, but independently.
rise of Chapter Communication Learning Source
Study Guide: This chapter is a continuation of the first chapter is mainly to understand the history of communication. focus on the five founders and the two factions.
Section Communication and development in the West
concepts:
1. constitutes a necessary condition for an independent discipline (selected): consciousness, general, systematic and scientific .
Q & A:
1. Communication why the first born in the United States?
modern Western countries, the United States as the most developed. in the field of communication and dissemination of research is no exception. naturally become the birthplace of Communication .
(1) media or media background
media organizations, initially emerged in the newspapers. Thus the news of the communication activities to achieve the independence and Professionalization .17 end of the century, the U.S. will press; 20th century After the creation of the first radio station. It has the Associated Press, UPI and other well-known news agency. on the use of mass media and research to become the United States nearly all walks of life and significant issues emergency.
from the political point of view , increasing the role of the newspaper.
from an economic point of view, the main role of the media: on the one hand, spread a lot of economic information, especially advertising. On the one hand, for a variety of business services into the media itself a business.
from a social point of view, the media on the one hand to facilitate people's life and work to enrich people's leisure time. the one hand pornographic, sensational wantonly spread of information. This force is given a correct understanding of the academic and solutions to problems.
Americans earliest and most strongly felt in the late 19th to the 20th century the United States, the role in a variety of factors, become the world's most fertile soil suitable for scientific research. talents to pour in from around the world. Here cultivate a large number of new ideas, new disciplines. which lay the basis of the dissemination of the subject.
multidisciplinary interdisciplinary II features
a quiz
1. outlined the formation of communication and academic sources
more precisely, Communication is evolving since the late 19th century, 20th century, 40 years in the rough shape. It overcomes the shortcomings of other claims:
① journalism may be regarded as the predecessor of communication. draw attention to opportunity is to press the cause of the development of the mass media.
② many relevant disciplines as the theoretical foundation of communication.
Academic Origin:
① Behavioral Sciences mm sociology, psychology, social psychology, political science, communication studies, journalism, anthropology, linguistics and semiotics.
② Information Sciences mm information theory, cybernetics, systems theory, mathematics, statistics, etc..
founder of the Communication Section contribution
First, the concept of the four founders of Communication
: Harold. Lasswell, Kurt. Lewin, Paul. Lazarsfeld, Carl. Hovland, Vail Pak. Schramm.
II Q &
1. brief communication Schramm of the four founder and main contribution of the development of communication What?
the four founders of Communication : Harold. Lasswell, Kurt. Lewin, Paul. Lazarsfeld, Carl. Hovland, Welbourn. Schramm.
Schramm's main contribution: he mm is the master of the contribution of the others together, organize, make sound, systematic, and ultimately make it as an independent discipline, the rise in Communication, process and the effect of ; ② over-reliance on quantitative methods; ③ a lot of people standing in the position of maintaining the existing system.
2. dissemination of critical school: focus on the macro level of communication and social system, the relationship between political and economic structure, under the system of capitalism and dissemination of government severely critical of the holding.
II Q &
1. brief discussion on the achievements in communication, problems and future prospects
(results) from four ways:
Translations: Fudan University Press, Department of Communication, the first translation of the text.
meeting: held several Research.
Teaching: Courses Communication Studies, Fudan University first opened.
Application: Communication Studies, Theory. add new treasure house of wealth.
(foreground) Communication Research in China already have a good foundation, just keep both from the depth and breadth of development, progress, we will be able to accomplish much.
2. Why 60 years in Europe School will be the sudden emergence of criticism?
because the traditional school of thought is very flawed. focus on critical school of communication and macro social systems, political and economic relations between the structure of government under the capitalist system and the spread of severe critical attitude held . It is that too much emphasis on the traditional school ① microscopic study; ② over-reliance on quantitative methods; ③ a lot of people standing in the position of maintaining the existing system. It really hit the sore spot in the traditional school. But there are less than critical school: we neglect the micro, meso research and quantitative, empirical method.
3. brief communication and interaction in modern society (Why communication in the information society more and more people pay attention)
interaction between the two, most notably trends that have emerged since the 20th century, 70 so-called ground and background, was the general study and research of the greatest significance.
J. Beni Eagle American scholar believes that the whole economic activity in the industrial revolution accelerated move into the transfer times, which triggered a severe punishment to control the crisis. as to overcome this crisis, we must control revolution, that is a positive development as the control means of a variety of advanced information processing technology. the information industry will be awarded for significant expansion.
the cause of social information, the role of mass media especially the cause. And one of the priorities of communication, is to explore the action of mass media law.
third chapter on the theory of propagation and dissemination of model
Study Guide: This chapter is very important, need to be combined with a comprehensive understanding of later chapters. required to various modes of control and flexibility in the use of practical problems.
Section propagation from the propagation
one study, quiz
1. on how to understand the communication process and decomposition?
communication process that Chuanbo phenomenon of the structure, elements and all should be the relationship between each other. The main task of communication, such as Schramm said, is to study the communication process and results. American scholar David. Boluo a thorough analysis of the communication process, the main argument : ① The transmission is a dynamic process, without beginning or end, no boundaries; ② communication process is a complex structure, should be one of the multiple relations as the basic unit of study; ③ Communication is the essence of the process of change, namely, kinds of relations of mutual interaction and change. he made > R. Buleiduoke add context and motivation are two links to turn it into 7W model.
II theories and models of communication, methods, relationships
First, the concept
1. Theory and models difference: that through the general theory, systematic relationship between a group of propositions and conclusions. mode refers to the reproduction of the reality of a theoretical, simplified form. Basic mode: ① linear model, ② control theory model, ③ social system model.
basic mode III propagation Brief
First, the concept
1. Lasswell model (spreading process 5W): Lasswell pass the communication process is divided into those recipients, information, media, effect, or 5W mode.
2. Shannon - Weaver mode: linear modes, the media is divided into three, the messages sent and received into and increase the noise factor.
3. the traditional linear model: Lasswell and Shannon - Weaver model, represented by transmission has been described as a kinds of linear, one-way type of process. neglected the process of feedback and social constraints on the communication process.
4. cybernetic model: the control theory as the guiding ideology of the communication process model. change ; for the unit (or decoding): Code: cognition - the process of formulation, is to see, hear, think of the meaning, into symbols. decoding: expression - the process of understanding, is to restore the meaning of symbols.
8. Basic groups: also known as the primary mass, primary group, refers to the family, neighborhood, and other intimate partners.
9. reference group: Personal exposure to them may not, but its frame of reference and to establish or change their beliefs, attitudes, and group behavior.
II Q &
1. outlined the contribution of communication process and the lack of linear model
linear model to Lasswell and Shannon - Weaver model represented.
Contribution:
First, the history of communication, for the first time a more detailed break down of the science communication process.
II, the first time communication to build a relatively complete and comprehensive theoretical framework, so that the communication The Establishment of the possible.
its shortcomings, it has a straight line and isolation. linearity of the transmission is expressed as a linear, one-way type of process. do not see the recipient's feedback, but also do not see to other interactions between the various elements. that did not involve isolation process and the social process of communication links.
2. cybernetic model of the main advantages and disadvantages of
cybernetic model change ; for the transmission unit is a model of communication in the third leap?
control theory from the linear model to model the structure complete understanding of the history of spread of two leaps, the basic elements of communication to solve problems, social system model is the third leap, to solve conditions of transmission. J. Riley and M. Riley the first to clearly describe the propagation process for the community, and their mode of propagation substantially overcome one-sided thinking. Marlene Teske process model of mass communication, communication structure of the four factor has not changed, but the complex interaction between the various elements of relationship is sketched out. social systems model of scientific and level of detail compared with the original 5W mode, with the mud of the other clouds. This reflects the spread of human understanding of the phenomenon of more and more comprehensive and profound.
4. a brief description of the mode of transmission Marlene Teske
the four elements of communication structure has not changed, but the complex interaction between the various elements of relationship is sketched out , the relationship between social and communication started.
communicator, the reporters and editors have the initiative, which in turn bear the the individual level, organization level, social level.
recipients, the correspondence with the communicator, we still have a lot of information on the Mode of Communication of the development stage
Communication Mode is divided into three categories, but also three stages: the linear model, control theory model, the social system model.
5W Lasswell's model for the first time in more detail science break down the communication process. the traditional linear model of a straight line and isolation of faults. Shannon - Weaver model is also a well-known linear model, noting the relationship between communication and the surrounding environment on the whole did not fundamentally to overcome the limitations of linear models.
50 years since the beginning, there have been a number of the control theory as the guiding ideology of the communication process model. change the understanding of the phenomenon of human communication more comprehensive and profound.
Communication Research Methods Chapter
general requirements: understand why communication is a school of science and theoretical basis of experience; memory and understanding of sampling The survey, content analysis, the concept of the control experiment and the basic mode of operation. focus on the content of master sampling and analysis, and the principle of control experiments.
Communication Research Section
a general methodology, concepts
1. induction, deduction of the difference
summarized: the data, the data reflect the actual relationship between the theories and principles of organizations.
deductive: starting from the theoretical explanation, to seek data to test the theoretical prediction.
2. probability point of view the difference between mechanical determinism
probability point of view, advocate the use of propagation scenting the possibility of the existence and development to illustrate the complexity of the phenomenon spread.
mechanical determinism that everything in the universe precisely in accordance with a law occurred.'s future from the past all all strict decision. propagation of all pre-determined by the past.
II Q &
1. Communication Research Or why the main features of the experience of communication with the scientific?
(1) Scientific Communication Research
always start with the theoretical or practical topics, according to certain rules and procedures for the systematic collection and analysis related phenomena of information to arrive at meaningful conclusions. science is expressed in:
① Pilot: systematic theoretical framework
② process: a reliable control mechanism
③ research: rigorous analytical tools
④ Conclusion: A good copy function
(2) operational
modern communication is in practice-oriented, focusing on the social context of operation, in the 20th century, 20 years after the creation and developed gradually . The performance characteristics of the study in the three echelon distribution:
① description. the reality of the situation on the study to make a realistic description.
② explanation. that the activities of the research process and the characteristics of the object to explained.
③ prediction and control. According to describe and explain the results, forecast to take some measures or record high after certain conditions, possible changes in the object, or based on existing metrics to predict the object after a certain time interval development.
(3) Integration and quantitative means
integrated as much as possible in the dissemination of research design and research of multiple means of mining. quantitative means of communication and dissemination activities in the propagation of the number used of the study design and analysis tools.
2. the basic communication research
① historical point of view, from the times of all communication activities of people off of reality.
② probability point of view, advocate the use of propagation scenting the possibility of the existence and development to illustrate the complexity of the phenomenon spread.
③ system point of view, to a strong interaction between the factors and relevance as a system. to not only see the trees, you see the forest.
3. Communication Research
the general procedure to start the actual research work and the basic sequence of steps:
① Select objects to identify research topics
② study design
④
③ collect information < br> ⑤ Analysis of data
⑥ conclusion
4. empirical studies of the lack of communication and lack of solutions
: First, too much emphasis on microscopic studies, and second, over-reliance on quantitative methods and the third is a lot of people rushed in the maintenance of the position of the current system.
solution: the critical school's strengths and experience of school together properly, will make a leap in the progress of communication.
II
a sample survey method, the concept :
1. sampling survey method: all the units from the study units to extract part of the investigation and analysis, and the number of units with this part of the overall number of features to infer characteristics of a method of investigation.
2. Random non-random sampling and random sampling
difference: the total of all individuals have the same chance of being drawn in the form of sampling.
non-random sampling: purpose of the survey is only a preliminary exploration of issues, access to research clues and make assumptions, rather than inferences from the sample overall, the use of sampling.
3. sampling frame: the sampling units that constitute the overall number the arrangement formed by a detailed list.
4. stratified random sampling and the difference between cluster sampling and stratified random sampling
: also known as random sampling form.
cluster sampling: random sampling, also known as clustering, is a whole divided into several groups, in order to group units randomly selected from the total number of groups, the group pumping again within units to implement a random sample of census forms.
II Q & A:
1. the characteristics of a sample survey inference
① overall purpose.
② infer the form of integrity.
③ of sampling randomness.
④ controllability of sampling error.

a questionnaire survey in section III, the concept
1. questionnaires: the standardized survey prepared by a group of organic links questions posed by the form.
2. The questionnaire is divided into four issues which:
① aspects of personal background respondents.
② behavioral problems.
③ attitudes, feelings, aspects of evaluation comments.
④
second reason concerns, questions and answers
1. The main features of survey
① standardization.
② anonymity.
③ operational.
2. question the principles of design principles and structure of questionnaire design principles
question:
(1) the principle of rationality
① question whether all the research and theory are the specific assumptions must be made to understand and .
② question whether the universal application for all respondents.
③ questions to the respondents the burden is too heavy.
(2) Scientific Principles
① no mention of the dual problem.
② questions without bias.
③ questions must be specific and clear.
(3) artistic principles
① tactful method.
② indirect method.
③ consider elimination method
④ virtual method.
⑤ Assistance Act.
questionnaire structural principles:
(1) the easier issues first.
(2) the first br> (3) of similar concentration.
(4) after the first general special.
IV
a content analysis, concept:
1. content analysis, content and characteristics of
analysis is a type of literature, is a printed text, video, radio, television and other media content in the dominant objective, systematic and quantitative techniques described in a study.
characteristics: ① objectivity. ② System sex. ③ quantitative. ④ explicit content.
II Q & A:
1. content analysis of the types of
① Practical Semantic Analysis: Statistical analysis of the text symbols, specific information appears in deducing the causes and possible consequences.
② semantic analysis: the meaning of words as symbols of the information contained unit of analysis, reflect the specific content of the text symbols for statistical analysis.
③
symbol vector of the frequency of text for statistical The basic unit of classification of content analysis conducted.
2. content analysis of the strengths and limitations of
strengths: ① the object of study is already on record the message, so the information can truly show the characteristics.
② low cost.
limitations: not just on content analysis content based on the audience to make an impact in the conclusions.
V control experiment
First, the concept:
1. the independent variable and dependent variable: the measures imposed during the experiment is called the independent variables (stimuli); In the experiment by the independent variables called factors that determine the change in the dependent variable.
2. a single group design and experimental group + control group experimental design:
a single experimental group experimental design: only the experimental group but not the control group a simple experimental method, which is on the same object before and after stimulation in some experiments as an observation comparison.
experimental group + control group experimental design: the use of an experimental group and a control group of parallel control study of experimental methods.
II Q & A: control experiment of
advantages: ① to rule out possible interference caused by factors unrelated to observation error, the data obtained more accurate and reliable.
② It can take the initiative to set the conditions required to study propagation effects caused by repeated experiments, can draw scientific conclusions stronger.
Disadvantages: due to the strict control of conditions in which experiments can only solve a single, two-factor causal link a small problem with the real life there is a certain distance, the resulting theory law of the ideal state of multi-causal effect, often must go through the middle of the practice test can be used to address the issues raised.
Chapter
social function of the spread of learning Description: This chapter is relatively simple, not complex theoretical context, focusing on four functions that control the spread of (environmental monitoring, coordination and communication society, cultural heritage, entertainment), and the flexibility to apply to go to a specific topic. In addition should be added that the information environment for the social role of the individual .
Section I of the origin and spread of functional understanding of structure and function profiles
school of thought advocates the main ideas
society as a whole from a theoretical perspective, focusing on the community structure and function between the various components differences and relationships.
functionalism main point is to have all the necessary social survival as a function of the system, that is, social systems, and social system is a very complex entity. the interests of society as human , activities of the organism, must be viewed as a system, and functional point of view to look at it.
Section interpersonal communication and mass communication concepts of the general features
:
1. Learn Pia Jie, Tolman, Stephenson's theory of individual functional capabilities
personal communication, sociability and self-centered can be divided into two kinds. Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget that the sociability of the conversation is trying to influence each other or is in fact exchange views with each other. self-centered nature of the psychologist Tolman believes that there are a lot of communication are instrumental behavior, even the most obvious spread of self-awareness as a tool often used with a purpose. propagation of both the purpose, but also cognitive.
British psychologist Sidifenlin that communication is not intended to accomplish anything but simply to get their satisfaction and happiness, and spread of certain causes of action are relegated to an unpleasant and even painful.
UK media scholar Dennis. McQuail believes that research in this area most of the audience research can be classified in the is inappropriate, personal motivation is only a subjective wish.
2. individual socialization: the mass can often imperceptibly the individual to accept or agree with the universally recognized values and norms, so that individuals and society has made coordinated.
Q & A: McGuire's media content and lack of personal capabilities
British media scholar Dennis. McQuail that most research in this area of audience research can be classified as a meet the motivation as the media is one thing, is not appropriate, personal motivation is only a subjective wish.
the social function of mass communication III
Q & A: The four social functions of mass communication (chapter focuses)
for environmental monitoring. For society, may be issued a warning of natural disasters, facilitate the flow of information, consolidation of social norms. For an individual, to improve the social status of newsmakers. the ruling class, can be maintained and to consolidate its dominant position. on the culture side, and promote exchanges between different cultures, is conducive to the development of various cultures ...