October 22, 2009, a memorable day, it is the day for their own pride, it is worth sharing with friends and family a happy day. Experienced a bumpy six months, thinking of buying the contract language at home finally came into effect.
Today, two o'clock is the time of sale of transfer procedures, it is only until the agreement yesterday morning. since the middle of the story's twists and turns, accidents happen again and again, my lawyer, attorney consultations with each other well, we could house twelve doing the final inspection, a further notice of qualified lawyers. agree to the transfer, the decision basically was in our hands.
before the handover in order to ensure the absence of any accidents, we have been wandering around outside the house, as a security role waiting for a phone solicitor.
half past two, my phone rang. lawyer said simple: place a little Keba, there will not be affected much. However, the transfer time should be extended to three points.
time is too slow, the spirit a little nervous, my husband and I feel petrified, back to the car sleepy.
half past three lawyers received the last call, the old man sent out a sigh, like Street alley to go back in time, where her husband was still adhere to it.
into the home of their own. joy, but not excited, at this time is more relaxed. The transfer of the July, but this unreasonable to extend for a few months, but after several twists and turns. being pulled taut as the strings suddenly let go, there are bound after the break easily, experienced a feeling like a tired after fierce battle. < br> the house is basically empty, and had seen and noted on the contract is different, but still very warm feeling, because my daughter during the day, the dream to come here do not know how many times a fugue. saw many houses, But just like looking for love, like looking for an apartment, need to feel. showings here the first time, my daughter came in to feel at home. Maybe this is the treasure of her feelings, we have persisted, to the end will be a dream come reality.
To dream come true, we must first dare to dream, then should dare to achieve.
an act inadvertently, a decision to sell did not expect people actually walked into the trap, still do not know What is true, which is a good man.
husband said this is the test of our God, but also to write the material I have accumulated; daughter said, after she seemed to grow up experiencing a lot; think language is feeling, a person closer to the heart.
tired today, the story to be thinking about the words slowly.
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Doctor friends - please vent
Text / out air
[Preface: this is a very trick scolded the title, but I hope that friends do not close look at this article began to curse far as the title, at least look at it two months ago! Of course, if we can read the most Well, after reading that wrong can be put forward to discuss the results than dropping a bunch of bad language may be more useful!]
I am not a doctor, nor the medical practitioners within the industry! but had contact with health care industry, their own series on the network also written articles on health care, without him, just a personal hobby! friends that read my article, can be seen, in my article did not hold any deliberate distortion of a The purpose of the fact itself, of course, because the writing is or is not comprehensive enough knowledge to understand, indeed there may be biased, which no one person can not avoid, I give friends who read my article, the only guarantee is this: I write articles not intended to arouse resentment and misunderstanding! the contrary, is to clarify and explain some of what was going on! And for those who eventually read the article from my friend ambiguity, I can only say sorry!
whether my previous article, or the network of other articles on health care, have a very distinctive characteristics: it is the sharp opposition! sharp r l Although this is a reflection of real doctor-patient conflicts, but higher than the reality contradictions in the patient's performance is more straightforward and obvious, I think, the reason is that we are all here, just l r Invisible Man! or that it is the reality of the vent! do not bear any consequences in case of natural than reality to the more direct and straightforward!
for ordinary people, there are friends of l r very sensitive to ordinary people, I'll change the name, for ordinary users, the lack of medical care because of their own industry understood that in the discussion on the topic of medical ills bound to be some extreme and may even be the wrong conclusion!, of course, is the most superficial understanding of the seized on the issue! such as a red envelope, such as rebates, such as ethics, doctor! For these questions, undeniable indeed exist, but 80% of the people for these problems are anecdotal, very few people truly personal experience, therefore, has always been evil people in accordance with tradition, repeated the baseless assertion and exaggeration is inevitable.
For me personally, for many users those absurd and ridiculous mouth of speech, is generally Yipiao passed, and how not to Dali, indeed, those who do not l r-tech text, back to it is a waste of time! and for saying those words the users, I more of a understanding! understanding here are two: one is that they themselves know what was going on less, not deliberately distort their own, just listen to someone else's false statements only; the other is as an ordinary the people, what are repressed in the current circumstances, can pour out through this eased their angst, vent their grievances, it should be expressed understanding and sympathy, for if it were allowed the opportunity to vent, and that really poor tight! perhaps because of the understanding of the two l r, I thought that even users in general do not talk too much one o'clock is offensive and counter to make me, the most quietly passing, but over point is encountered such a person, I pass away, may be it!
However, it is regrettable that many doctors in the network where friends did not understand what I call l r, but with a lot of not very informed friends against each other, and even use their professional voice and on the original understanding of the truth to be determined and even ruthless counter-attack! that although I do not agree with, but a doctor friend who can understand the mood!
Indeed, many front-line doctors and nurses have been made a scapegoat ! for the health care system, as part of the doctor, the hospital's leadership made a scapegoat! In fact, they made a scapegoat is not the most desperate and the most desperate are they did not know that they themselves should bear the blame back to the time! did not know this black mark against Finally, what to bring their own! solely from this perspective, the doctor in his own work outside of the psychological and social repression of ordinary people better than any less! and if coupled with their own work in the timid and scared, say did not sound point, the doctor was a very poor community!
Zheshi Rang doctor wanted to vent reason? In my opinion, No! if a single to the top of these, you can swallow the doctor to have his own day, try to ensure that the work as long as no major incidents to OK! But the fact is it? as eight hours, the friends and talk to Ye Hao, online play worth mentioning, actually swallow such a man finds himself in the eyes of others not only failed to get a little understanding and support, the opposite is the same abuses and attacks! even demonized! (Oh, a lot of people think they are that demons) which the doctor is a bit out of anger: TM, I have been at work so bite the bullet r l a! to leave work but find themselves increasingly in the eyes of others is not a person! Therefore, they 是可忍孰不可忍 hh
see here, I believe there will be a lot of doctor friends of psychological understanding was feeling, and many users have a general feeling of the original so! This is normal, I can understand that not only normal, but also very supportive, but the doctor friends that r l 是可忍孰不可忍 behind a bit than I bargained for! how do you say?
say something if mixed with ordinary users can also use their own words to be taken in to justify it, then some doctor friends say that if I can not find a mix for them to justify to understand their reason! whether from professional knowledge, or from the professional ethics requirements, I think doctors should be pragmatic! That is because the doctor is in itself a professional requirement, for the practical needs of the patient's condition, for their own The job duties require realistic. But a lot of controversy from the network point of view, a lot of doctor friends but did not do!
typical excuse is to lie for their own, such as the hospital doctors said there is no rebate, and red packets thing! This is ridiculous, for the absolutely deny the facts, I do not think this is wise, of course, people may have their own never get a red envelope, never take the rebate, but to say that the body in the hospital, and those who said the hospital is absolutely no shady, so that people either have no conscience, or not observed at least the ability to do, no matter what kind, so doctors are not worth showing off!, of course, there are other strong active words are mixed Patients stood opposite problem occurs because of the position, such as the patient did not conflict onto the quality of the patient, the patient vexatious etc!
friend to see many doctors may also feel that is not satisfied here! Why should we think reasonable, and listen to someone talking nonsense? Why give people who listen to reason to reason? friends for these complaints, I would say that in health care, patients will always be weak! In fact, patients The more fierce trouble to reflect more and more of the disadvantaged to make people worried more and more distress in their plight! medical problems for fear of them is an area in the dark do not know the fear, it is a do not know East and West inherent fear, many people like to listen to others, and then like to say to someone else, not really what you want to achieve the effect, but only within the fear and the fear of a release! a hope in this way up through the relief vent, when the crusade against the medical problems the more intense the sound, to show that the fear in ordinary people the more intense! at least from my perspective, I am very sympathetic to patients and potential patients! Of course, I would have been the case, I will also be patient.
and relatively with the patient, the doctor is a better understanding of the relative health problem! is equivalent to one o'clock in the dark you can see the light, but also basic to distinguish groups of East and West! Therefore, is a relatively strong group! I can not tolerate or can not understand is that strong group profoundly disadvantaged groups, opposition, or even malicious exclusion and attack! This is what I always wanted to go to a doctor friend to more patients and patient understanding The main reason!
swore off medical problems, we are still faced with too many problems in addition to medical care has brought us depression and contradictions, there are too many other things has brought us depression and fear: Housing Biao price rise, price rise, competition for jobs, parents, retirement, children's schooling hh any problems can make people smile on his face lost! the doctor once took off her white gown, and we also like the general public is vulnerable! a group command can not be reconciled by others but must be other people who find fault with! even have become afraid of the command of someone else who does not own! alas, think about this, our doctor friend, why should not more to go r l opposite taste in patients with heart Why?
course, today I write this not as before when the mood is, and in accordance with the previous idea, and I hope that all doctors are saints can be general, for patients with complaints of misunderstandings can be inclusive, not to laugh at regardless! but I know that is not only impossible, the doctor is so unfair! doctors are human beings, but also the psychological need to find vent, but also need to seek psychological balance! Therefore, I just write this, I hope a doctor friend can suppress their feelings and vent in the network! Please remember, I said here is that l r in the network!
perhaps only in the network to psychological upset and inequality all vent out, in order to better treatment in real patients in calm! In fact, my additional layer of meaning: I hope that our doctor friends in the real and more realistic understanding of the frustration and helplessness of patients! and the heart of the depression and anger all passed on to the network or other things up! because when a patient entered the hospital, he is in fact very modest, that is, what ails want to know, and hope to get well soon! and if the doctors have to suffer because to the general public does not understand the resentment caused by the vent and neglect, then it is too poor! such doctors, while small, does exist, unfortunately, I also recognize such a! This is the most afraid of me!
So here I mean that has been expressed clearly! for those who really really depressed and unhappy doctor friend, please vent it! the more thorough the better! We look forward to your work in their own their own, to have A calm attitude! do not expect greeted, but to know the cause of the disease a realistic, for we the people, so in the current medical environment, perhaps we can only pray that meager!
2006 7 month in Chengdu !
(Note: This article is my original, reprinted, please specify the source and author Zhu Jia Ren health center mm:
[Preface: this is a very trick scolded the title, but I hope that friends do not close look at this article began to curse far as the title, at least look at it two months ago! Of course, if we can read the most Well, after reading that wrong can be put forward to discuss the results than dropping a bunch of bad language may be more useful!]
I am not a doctor, nor the medical practitioners within the industry! but had contact with health care industry, their own series on the network also written articles on health care, without him, just a personal hobby! friends that read my article, can be seen, in my article did not hold any deliberate distortion of a The purpose of the fact itself, of course, because the writing is or is not comprehensive enough knowledge to understand, indeed there may be biased, which no one person can not avoid, I give friends who read my article, the only guarantee is this: I write articles not intended to arouse resentment and misunderstanding! the contrary, is to clarify and explain some of what was going on! And for those who eventually read the article from my friend ambiguity, I can only say sorry!
whether my previous article, or the network of other articles on health care, have a very distinctive characteristics: it is the sharp opposition! sharp r l Although this is a reflection of real doctor-patient conflicts, but higher than the reality contradictions in the patient's performance is more straightforward and obvious, I think, the reason is that we are all here, just l r Invisible Man! or that it is the reality of the vent! do not bear any consequences in case of natural than reality to the more direct and straightforward!
for ordinary people, there are friends of l r very sensitive to ordinary people, I'll change the name, for ordinary users, the lack of medical care because of their own industry understood that in the discussion on the topic of medical ills bound to be some extreme and may even be the wrong conclusion!, of course, is the most superficial understanding of the seized on the issue! such as a red envelope, such as rebates, such as ethics, doctor! For these questions, undeniable indeed exist, but 80% of the people for these problems are anecdotal, very few people truly personal experience, therefore, has always been evil people in accordance with tradition, repeated the baseless assertion and exaggeration is inevitable.
For me personally, for many users those absurd and ridiculous mouth of speech, is generally Yipiao passed, and how not to Dali, indeed, those who do not l r-tech text, back to it is a waste of time! and for saying those words the users, I more of a understanding! understanding here are two: one is that they themselves know what was going on less, not deliberately distort their own, just listen to someone else's false statements only; the other is as an ordinary the people, what are repressed in the current circumstances, can pour out through this eased their angst, vent their grievances, it should be expressed understanding and sympathy, for if it were allowed the opportunity to vent, and that really poor tight! perhaps because of the understanding of the two l r, I thought that even users in general do not talk too much one o'clock is offensive and counter to make me, the most quietly passing, but over point is encountered such a person, I pass away, may be it!
However, it is regrettable that many doctors in the network where friends did not understand what I call l r, but with a lot of not very informed friends against each other, and even use their professional voice and on the original understanding of the truth to be determined and even ruthless counter-attack! that although I do not agree with, but a doctor friend who can understand the mood!
Indeed, many front-line doctors and nurses have been made a scapegoat ! for the health care system, as part of the doctor, the hospital's leadership made a scapegoat! In fact, they made a scapegoat is not the most desperate and the most desperate are they did not know that they themselves should bear the blame back to the time! did not know this black mark against Finally, what to bring their own! solely from this perspective, the doctor in his own work outside of the psychological and social repression of ordinary people better than any less! and if coupled with their own work in the timid and scared, say did not sound point, the doctor was a very poor community!
Zheshi Rang doctor wanted to vent reason? In my opinion, No! if a single to the top of these, you can swallow the doctor to have his own day, try to ensure that the work as long as no major incidents to OK! But the fact is it? as eight hours, the friends and talk to Ye Hao, online play worth mentioning, actually swallow such a man finds himself in the eyes of others not only failed to get a little understanding and support, the opposite is the same abuses and attacks! even demonized! (Oh, a lot of people think they are that demons) which the doctor is a bit out of anger: TM, I have been at work so bite the bullet r l a! to leave work but find themselves increasingly in the eyes of others is not a person! Therefore, they 是可忍孰不可忍 hh
see here, I believe there will be a lot of doctor friends of psychological understanding was feeling, and many users have a general feeling of the original so! This is normal, I can understand that not only normal, but also very supportive, but the doctor friends that r l 是可忍孰不可忍 behind a bit than I bargained for! how do you say?
say something if mixed with ordinary users can also use their own words to be taken in to justify it, then some doctor friends say that if I can not find a mix for them to justify to understand their reason! whether from professional knowledge, or from the professional ethics requirements, I think doctors should be pragmatic! That is because the doctor is in itself a professional requirement, for the practical needs of the patient's condition, for their own The job duties require realistic. But a lot of controversy from the network point of view, a lot of doctor friends but did not do!
typical excuse is to lie for their own, such as the hospital doctors said there is no rebate, and red packets thing! This is ridiculous, for the absolutely deny the facts, I do not think this is wise, of course, people may have their own never get a red envelope, never take the rebate, but to say that the body in the hospital, and those who said the hospital is absolutely no shady, so that people either have no conscience, or not observed at least the ability to do, no matter what kind, so doctors are not worth showing off!, of course, there are other strong active words are mixed Patients stood opposite problem occurs because of the position, such as the patient did not conflict onto the quality of the patient, the patient vexatious etc!
friend to see many doctors may also feel that is not satisfied here! Why should we think reasonable, and listen to someone talking nonsense? Why give people who listen to reason to reason? friends for these complaints, I would say that in health care, patients will always be weak! In fact, patients The more fierce trouble to reflect more and more of the disadvantaged to make people worried more and more distress in their plight! medical problems for fear of them is an area in the dark do not know the fear, it is a do not know East and West inherent fear, many people like to listen to others, and then like to say to someone else, not really what you want to achieve the effect, but only within the fear and the fear of a release! a hope in this way up through the relief vent, when the crusade against the medical problems the more intense the sound, to show that the fear in ordinary people the more intense! at least from my perspective, I am very sympathetic to patients and potential patients! Of course, I would have been the case, I will also be patient.
and relatively with the patient, the doctor is a better understanding of the relative health problem! is equivalent to one o'clock in the dark you can see the light, but also basic to distinguish groups of East and West! Therefore, is a relatively strong group! I can not tolerate or can not understand is that strong group profoundly disadvantaged groups, opposition, or even malicious exclusion and attack! This is what I always wanted to go to a doctor friend to more patients and patient understanding The main reason!
swore off medical problems, we are still faced with too many problems in addition to medical care has brought us depression and contradictions, there are too many other things has brought us depression and fear: Housing Biao price rise, price rise, competition for jobs, parents, retirement, children's schooling hh any problems can make people smile on his face lost! the doctor once took off her white gown, and we also like the general public is vulnerable! a group command can not be reconciled by others but must be other people who find fault with! even have become afraid of the command of someone else who does not own! alas, think about this, our doctor friend, why should not more to go r l opposite taste in patients with heart Why?
course, today I write this not as before when the mood is, and in accordance with the previous idea, and I hope that all doctors are saints can be general, for patients with complaints of misunderstandings can be inclusive, not to laugh at regardless! but I know that is not only impossible, the doctor is so unfair! doctors are human beings, but also the psychological need to find vent, but also need to seek psychological balance! Therefore, I just write this, I hope a doctor friend can suppress their feelings and vent in the network! Please remember, I said here is that l r in the network!
perhaps only in the network to psychological upset and inequality all vent out, in order to better treatment in real patients in calm! In fact, my additional layer of meaning: I hope that our doctor friends in the real and more realistic understanding of the frustration and helplessness of patients! and the heart of the depression and anger all passed on to the network or other things up! because when a patient entered the hospital, he is in fact very modest, that is, what ails want to know, and hope to get well soon! and if the doctors have to suffer because to the general public does not understand the resentment caused by the vent and neglect, then it is too poor! such doctors, while small, does exist, unfortunately, I also recognize such a! This is the most afraid of me!
So here I mean that has been expressed clearly! for those who really really depressed and unhappy doctor friend, please vent it! the more thorough the better! We look forward to your work in their own their own, to have A calm attitude! do not expect greeted, but to know the cause of the disease a realistic, for we the people, so in the current medical environment, perhaps we can only pray that meager!
2006 7 month in Chengdu !
(Note: This article is my original, reprinted, please specify the source and author Zhu Jia Ren health center mm:
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Lecture Overview Yongjia Zen
Lecture Overview
you Yongjia Zen students:
karma is Most Excellent ah! Very happy! Also very ashamed! Here is where we will study together in Yongjia meditation. Pleased that so many young people to participate in study Buddhism. ashamed that my school repair micro-light, in the learning process, deeply profound Dharma, the majority of successful, such a good one yourself Buddhism alone is not enough to understand. Although my learning is also very limited, but I have to see to Buddhism on the important role of social life, so that we can work together to learn the cause is Most Excellent, I hope we cherish.
Meditation Class begins today The first lecture in Yongjia, Yongjia Zen mm overview of four I parts to describe the general situation of Yongjia Zen:
First, Yongjia, Yongjia Zen master's life
master is named Yongjia, Yongjia Master Who are you? He is our ancestors Wenzhou. in accordance with the Biographies of Eminent Monks, record is not very detailed information can now be found only outline the basic outline of his life, some of the details almost no records. Fortunately, two of his complete works preserved. So although no other details on historical data, but two books, we can see the master extraordinary in Yongjia. From the information available to see, when Yang Yi as he wrote this little biography of the emperor gave him no phase of this posthumous master. there are so many monks, received the posthumous title of Emperor is not much to say, only his reputation and status has been recognized up and down the court will afford them. so when the ruling and opposition from top to bottom, he is a very respected big Germany is very far-reaching impact.
Here, we briefly introduce Master Yongjia. He monk since childhood, life, life is not very long, less than fifty years passed away, it can be considered premature death. But His achievement is very high. Longxing his early monastery in the Western Hills.
Western Hills, about the position is that we now learn Jingshan Gokokuji this area. Longxing now can not find the site. According to Chen Jinwu An article written by Mr. There is a speculation: Jingshan Park is now a piece of land that is most suited to build the temple, is that we now Gokokuji. because, like the lotus bud around the temple, except this place, there is no other more suitable place to build the temple. so he speculated was the master of Yongjia this place may become a monk in Gokokuji. If this speculation be confirmed, I feel very good. because Gokokuji the Chung-hing, so we have the opportunity to gather in the year Yongjia Zen Buddhist monk place to study Yongjia, Yongjia master of light which is shining us. Some time ago, Zhejiang Province, China were commissioned to prepare the publication of a I came to this part of the proof, which spoke of the range. it is also the last Western Hills Jingshan Jingshan only this place is built above the temple. so to infer from the circumstantial aspects, but also can see a grain of truth.
Yongjia Zen monk after the Longxing, France called Xuanjue. Then he called him after a real consciousness is true sleep. hostel feel another one of his name after his enlightenment to prove to the Sixth Patriarch, where the master was confirmed after the Sixth Patriarch spent the night there, so they are called night vision.
special master after learning Tendai monk, beginning early into China is to learn meditation.
Jin early Chinese Zen is introduced to China before, such as the Han Dynasty, and three times passed over the meditation, mainly refers to An Shigao, Lou Jia Chen, Zhi Qian and others to spread. Some of these people passed in meditation is very simple, such as the six Lotus doors, there are some simple sit-ins, called the Zen school numbers. Zen, the full name is you calm down, feeling he was no longer cranky, this time to consider the issue again, may all consider the point. Because the ancients of these methods are very interested in, so the formation of many schools of meditation.
to China before Bodhidharma , at least six or eight of the Zen path to enlightenment, is the number of the Zen school. Kumarajiva came to China to translate the classic Wisdom, The study produced a shock. from a cultural sense, the Zen school numbers, there are a number of means, such as six Lotus doors, it has a number in front of six, eight Sichan it has a four-set, There is eight. That is all there is a level of Zen, the first, second, third grade, and there have figures. For example, pre-only, then meditation, and the concept becomes so only two Law of the. so everything has a number of practice in front of it. So after Wisdom translated classics, advocating no income, Wu Suozhu, air, and then you have this figure right? Therefore, there is still something in my heart, there is a quiet, there is a state, this is not really. So, Mahayana, Zen began to advocate empty, Wisdom, Thereafter, the Chinese talent to really understand the original intent of Buddhism in India. because Kumarajiva, the Chinese people understand space, that is, Taoist philosophy to understand the emptiness with a Lao Buddhist space, can only be similar, but not really understanding. then translated the classic Wisdom after the air has made a new interpretation. is not no, not nothing, not nothing! what he was state? is the state of origin, the reason is very deep. So the Chinese people once they understand the to understand Wisdom.
Northern and Southern Dynasties, Bodhidharma came from India, when the southerners for speculative doctrines, and philosophical study of the theory is very keen, so Wisdom has developed rapidly. Bodhidharma way, wanted to get rid of This special attachment We do seminars have the opportunity to introduce to you.
east from Bodhidharma, the Chinese Zen had changed. before the two stages of meditation: a number of early Buddhist Studies; the second is Wisdom, say air, air experience. Both meditation are called meditation, hard, and do not speak so much theory, because our nature of mind is actually our nearest, in our role in the body and mind it is very readily available. With the front of the basis of these Tathagata Zen, or the foundation has trained us well, Zen patriarch Bodhidharma come to promote, it is easy to accept, easy is good enough.
early master monk Yongjia time is to follow Buddhism into China before and after the order to learn this. Today we are also in accordance with the Master Yongjia order to study the repair learning. Yongjia Zen master to learn a few of the study, but also learn meditation Tiantai Dharma. Wise Master Sect founder Bodhidharma is almost contemporary with the later number. Bodhidharma is over Liang Northern and Southern Dynasties, the wise master of , born Liang, Sui still has life to preaching, to the Sui Kaihuang seventeen years (AD 597) was passed away. Wise Master doctrine of learning has a great feature: those who passed over from the Indian Buddhist, he books of a very respectful, some of the classics on the surface inconsistent with each other about the truth, he will be in context. Why is there conflict? That is because the angles are different. So he has a contract to teach, that is, when the Buddha taught a generation , all the classic give you a reasonable position.
practice in the future, we will find that different Buddhist realm of reading is not the same feeling. sublimated realm of life, way of speaking will be different, different people say different things, on the university student college students, then students said that students, then, to see people that were so, hell that nonsense, the only way to adapt to living beings in the foundation. Wise Master is to the teachings of the framework together, which are which level of the teachings, practice of the method in accordance with the teachings of the hierarchy step by step framework for it. So Tiantai for the practice of Dharma and methods of teaching and view both very seriously, there is a metaphor: like a bird wing, such as the car rounds, indispensable. catechism is taught is the theory, concept is the meditation is practice. This is a wise master of the concept itself, but the descendants of the wise master, or a set of theory and practice of this method summarized the scope of Tathagata Zen . In other words, Yongjia master novice to learn when he is the Tathagata Zen, Zen in the Tathagata, he received great benefit from, the study of rooftop meditation, learn to teach meditation circle, he achieved enlightenment.
founder The purpose of Zen is to achieve enlightenment, the Buddha nature to see us directly, call clear your heart. But the study Tathagata Zen Master Yongjia enlightenment, it does not say that they become enlightened. he was enlightened, he only knows himself that the this reason, ideological level has reached a certain degree, you can now do so by. In this state, he read the is the nor obtained. so many He really is such talk, there is no intelligence and no income. so in the Hyun policy, there came from the Sixth Patriarch Master Yongjia, Wenzhou visit, listening to the master argument Yongjia, I feel like talking about the Sixth Patriarch. Yongjia master said: Of course, he achieved enlightenment, and I became enlightened, how would different from it. Hyun policy, said: Wei Wang For sound, after all the self-taught natural heretics, you still go looking for proof the Sixth Patriarch. Yongjia master to allow students and enlightenment of his disciples from the confidence of students, he told Yuen went to the Sixth Patriarch policy there, so there is a enlightened master is a real person. so we may not be close to good mentor for a long time, you may be half a day or time we met, the problem of their own practice may be completely resolved. You see where Yongjia master to the Sixth Patriarch, after a few dialogue to leave, the Sixth Patriarch Master also reluctant to let him take it right away, leaving him to live a night, Ching Song, large, the temple was divided into a good number of homes, so they are called temples. as University and as each of its lines. Each temple is divided into the monastery, and the Pure Land School, Law School, and later Zen like joy and comfort from this rule do not want to be bound to move away from the temple, built himself a temple called the Temple. not another hospital is a hospital outside of the temple called the House is divided out from the temple. Those places may be called off room for practice, or dedicated to preaching, so the Longxing other homes should be the lower house of Longxing Temple. But Where is it? Yongjia Longxing other homes in the master passed away, later in the wonderful fruit Taishan Temple built on the back of a loose tower, called net minaret or tower called the real body. Net also a barren past Minaret Temple, only cover the Song Dynasty. So it was hypothesized that: Xing other homes may be near the temple in the wonderful fruit, or fruit that is wonderful Temple .
Mr. Nan Huai-like fruit Temple Main Hall before the wonderful write a plaque, and a description of that wonderful fruit Temple was originally built in Yongjia master, but this is written papers, saying that this is unfounded. because the historical data, easily lost, like everywhere now can be replicated. past data may be carved into a stone tablet, not a historical monument may be lost. It is said that There are records, wonderful fruit Dragon Temple in the Tang dynasty years of start-up is 705-707 years. The master is 713 Yongjia passed away, he had not yet passed away, it is possible to build a temple to do Longxing the other homes. Temple to see wonderful results by now is probably the other homes Huguosi. In the past founder of relics can generally cover the tower because the tower is the living Buddha blessed the world good luck and all beings have a ring like a sign, if the relic after the founder passed away , gave him build a tower, so the master passed away in the back cover of this Yongjia called net minaret tower.
relic, there are two, one is a person with good moral knowledge, burn out the stronger after the death of son, is his moral crystallization can be immortal, and moral consistency. Another relic is a body of law, is the ultimate truth, rugged, no birth and no death, everlasting, this interactive.
tower have since built a relic, and that he has not cremated, how to his cap tower? Yongjia Masters passed away in 713 years to the Song Dynasty nearly 300 years. into the tower is sitting niches, and as we cremated. By the Song dynasty was his niche open hair not rot, after his cremation out with this relic, with the relic to build a good tower. Now we see seven towers, was also called net minaret. tower block write also inscribed dug a underground palace. we all know, since there are precious treasures must have underground palace. treasure what is it? results in colorful of the earth and dug up a pot of ashes Sheng, wonderful fruit Temple of worship in the ashes of the old monk tank to find out a great white bean relic, which is the master of the relic Yongjia, which is very rare rare rare treasures. net minaret to the now nearly a thousand years of history, millennium after the ancient tower of the relic and re-circulating in the world shine. If one day, we Yongjia out to greet the master of the relics to the country to receive their pay tribute to the majority of believers, in order to promote meditation and Wenzhou Yongjia history and culture, will be a useful significant event.
second book
Yongjia, Yongjia master master works, the process of formation in accordance with his practice two works: This book is a roll of idea that the rooftop Zen and the number of early Buddhism into China is a melting furnace of the study, compiled a total of ten out of ten chapters so as to learn his catechism, a summary so people can better understand, study meditation roof This is his first book. behest of the ancients in their own, before or when the insightful and thorough enough, is hesitant to write something. Yongjia rooftop meditation master of the practice is a very real benefit from the circumstances, the Yongjia Zen Collection an important work. descendants of that it is melting and the Zen Sect work in a furnace, is not the case, the evidence from the Master Yongjia Song of view, Tiantai meditation a part of Dharma books together. comments on this work, a line of Jing Song of re-layout, arranged it. there is a North Korea and the monks had called the comment classes to learn the contents of the order is based on the process of Yongjia practice to arrange the master, the first part of the rooftop meditation, about fifteen minutes to complete. The second part of the study br> Yongjia the second part of the master book, .
features more than two books: the former a meditation practitioner-oriented, focused state of mind after an expansion, just to Tathagata Zen and the Sect of Zen enlightenment together.
sermon song content, in addition to the joy of Zen state, there are some people in the school is for learning occurred during repair all wrong, all is not right by the phenomenon in detail. Bono is very strange state of mind, and he poured the east, East told he could not down, picked him up is a result, he fell to the west of the heel to go soft. Learning teachings, tell him to pay attention to practice, once upside down, and all used in religious practice, so the two are difficulty righting, error-prone. Thus further studies Mahayana meditation, to learn Wu, of course, the meditation learning process should record the realm of the future is very open-minded enlightenment of nature, he would certainly want this state to write out the sequence from the school before and after the repair look at this is normal. from the state, said Thought Master found: master early learning rooftop, rooftops were the most important Bujing Shu is the The most important of the Buddhist scriptures naturally in the promote the complete and perfect state of cultivation.
Yongjia we choose two books as a master of this textbook of repair is based on the rank order of his further studies and ideological level by the three arrangements: Beginners learn ; Intermediate Learning extract provide a sequential outline of further studies.
Third, Yongjia meditation practice (respect for meditation)
Here, I added a parenthesis: to meditation in terms of Taiwan. A Venerable Hui He also strongly promote the Yongjia Zen, and the the. Hui empty focus is on promoting the Master well, for us it is suitable for the class.
Yongjia meditation practice has five points, five points we want to present further studies as the core and the motto, always alert to their beliefs. Here is the selection of some of idea, we say that the idea is to be called the idea that thinking. We Scriptures, read people, read anything, it just read. but read the first in the wrong? The first is the meaning of the head in your ahead of the read What is it? The interest rate incompetence interest rate concept forget, forget nothing to forget, forget nothing forgotten, left asymmetric dust, the interest rate incompetence, and read off not knowing, knowing off on the left has always been deep silence, http (this is jiong4 Jiong) Seoul not to send, wonderful nature natural. The exhausted hammer, it must have an object you can read, if there is no object you how to pronounce it? so the dust refers to the concept of the object. interest that is the object stopped, the object stopped, with no stop, it The relationship between where? where to find it? you find this concept to students what it was like before them? There is a simple way. Now, we do not have a thought, do not want anything, this time you think about your own home What is it like? home soon coming out, this came out, that is, the concept of dust mm dharma, dharma is the concept. But not to say that the door of your house go to your head here? not. It did not come You should not have in the past, as also did not go did not come, there will be head how the concept of the door? Simply put, that came out before the dust is like? home when the door has not yet, you let yourself think about it, but would like to be reading it, you get to the house door, and ran out the door, then read the head? just want to make their own door to the house, but the door of the house image, the dust has not come out, called dust forget, forget the dust off, and forget the dust naturally stopped, stopped the latter, there is a treat to have it? I can think of people think that door is the thing, the door is the wish of the dust, that dust not lost, I can think of, is gone. So that there is a repair card inside the realm in which to see the idea Yes, it is hard place to start is to see their own idea of what is before them not yet born look, this effort may have to do that later, my first meditation of the main idea to tell you about.
Xing Xing knowing about the second. Xing Xing is plainly not the meaning off the drowsy, so he will not faint Mei. knowing about, is a very quiet, did not shake. do not read outside the territory of all things good and evil, all thoughts are not good or bad, this time you look at is your heart look like? this is knowing about the state of repair due to very quiet time.
forgot margin after knowing about: is the front edge of the dust that is the same. margin is climbing, your mind is climbing thought the house. your heart do not want to, climbing things will naturally stop stopped after the heart will be like? very peaceful. forgot margin after knowing about, the heart of Gnosticism distinctly: outside the realm of thought that the dust is gone, but your heart is not very clear? If clear, this is called the Spirit known. so long as the dust to the outside world to stop, six out of Liu Chen with the outside world, where there are Buddhist saying that goes state, and forget to take care of their own state of mind, the heart of the pain is always to cause interference to the outside world. the pain, there must be some thing is a pain, no nothing, you say he is very painful, it must be joke. Our hearts are so closely linked with the outside world, not to dust down the habit. meditation, that is, outside the bonds of the down. So, after knowing about forgetting margin, distinctly the nature of Gnosticism, which is master.
Wujihunmei Visible: Wuji is stunned, do not know anything, you did not know it? did not seem to fall asleep, do not want do not want good or bad, not bad bad. I had class so often, eyes wide in the far , the teachers do not even know what to say, this is Wuji. Hunmei it, is asleep, to sleep without dreaming, called Hunmei. Wuji and Hunmei is not good roots in the long. Like practice on the road not long barren jungle. more will not increase our merit jungle, its results can only be the fruit of Wuji's other stream, a sense of the future must be reported to the body of a muddle, it is not a good state . Visible is all too clear, plain meaning, which tells us not in the Wujihunmei state, but to clear your mind and body state. deed authentic empty: the around this is indeed De mean deed is need to join, need to join the real original, empty the heart, it is very accurate, very correct. back to say that we are biased towards the side of the watch.
Xing Xing knowing about is: when the heart is clearly white very quiet, not an ordinary quiet, but very quiet, so I knowing about. Wuji knowing about non: Although not a bad heart do not want a good and quiet, because they do not understand the common sense is wrong. knowing about Xing Xing is: I was very quiet, but also well aware of things, that's right. Luanxiang Xing Xing non: Now everyone knows what I'm saying, for all his upside is very clear all delusion, but this clearly is not right.
above Students tell us the idea of starting with the birth and death in the process of how to use a correct attitude to adjust physically and mentally.
meditation, in fact, emotional management. you need a quiet and let his heart became very soft soft very obedient. encountered trouble, Oh, do not worry it! but Bono is not easy to listen to the heart, through meditation we learn to regulate their own body and mind, so that the heart becomes soft and obedient, quiet and serene. So knowing about the process of Xing Xing is a practice important method of cultivation of the mind.
third of the governing law. knowing about good and evil that he did not read the external environment and other things, Xing Xing that he did not live Wuji and other students faint phase: the living is parked in the garage does not move, stop There is not a meditation not move. Some people ride into five hours blink of an eye in the past, pleased to death, in fact, that is not good. Of course, initially to do so can be considered a given, but that is not a good set, because that he did not set in your grasp. Buddhist meditation is to have a good grasp of life skills, management skills. very well, Governance edge considered: edge is climbing, is considered taking into account, so that my heart spin like a gyroscope to stop, to peace and tranquility of the state to seek out the mind of the rule. to rule faint Xing Xing lives: to clearly state to govern white drowsy ignorance, Wuji daze situation. knowing about students faint long live: If you do not have the experience of meditation, I asked everyone to stop all the delusions are sitting here not to move, see, is your heart, a lot of people estimated to ten minutes to be sleepy, why? because our habits of thought is dynamic, and once stopped to nap, so quiet for a long time to start drowsy. Xing Xing long raw edge to consider: If your mind plainly, and has maintained this state in a few minutes You definitely will want something else, a lot of thoughts are coming out, this is a necessary process of practice tells us, is a normal phenomenon should not be too surprising. knowing about breaking Luanxiang: Only to calm down before they can get rid of the idea of a mess. Governance Wu Ji Xing Xing: Xing Xing both knowing about and is the only and the concept of fixed and wisdom, we must support each other, like the two drugs, heat and cold medicine, like medicine, you have a fever, give you eat cold medicine , are you cold give you eat hot medicine. knowing about students Wuji, Xing Xing Health Luanxiang, knowing about, been able to combat confusion and would like to, but also students Wuji undone: Although quiet for a long time to cure down to the delusion, but Then again drowsy. Although plainly dazed on the government can, over time has begun to wander. This tells us how to have a moderate grasp and rule: If you think his head is not clear, and quickly sense is; you feel delusions fly, quickly Jinglv, the most important thing is you have to practice. started two minutes without Dawang Xiang should be no problem, but some people may be more paranoid not stop for a minute, an idea can not stop, you meditation no way. because we are not unconscious, do not get sick, life did not suffer serious disaster struck, hit, the heart still can not grasp, then it is good roots shallow, too many obstacles to secular life is too tight you pull, you can not go back .
Some people have always thought that a good solution to the problem of life so that they are in a state of serene and at ease. but the work, career, family, one by one is important. like a child at the player home, your family, my family, my home banquet pomp than your home, the children told you anxious. Wu Yu Liu Chen, secular life, so we really need to care about it? important for us to grasp the general direction of life, it has a healthy state , to do whatever things. If you do not do things cause, at least have uninterrupted, which is to treat the basic principles of life. We learn meditation, that is, vaccination, do warm-up exercises, learn to interfere with our things down. The easiest way is to feel it now states: the all ideas, knowledge, learning, working all down to when the world does not exist you, then you left? knowing about Xing Xing is very clearly understand their own lives moment of this state, seriously feel it: the sense of balance has been a good rotation, or put a put away?
fourth adjustment method. to Xing Xing is positive, to knowing about the help. so that my mind will not confused, clear clear him regulate Chu, work, life will clearly and simply will not go wrong. then you will feel: the movement of the movement is calm, quiet is quiet understand. as two things are away from the body is not, and do not escape. Do not like a fool to stop wood, moving up like a powder gun. echocardiography is not a pure action, nor a pure stop stop, let yourself know how to move the process of how to move without interference. This is the best state. like the patients, because the rod and the line: Just like the sick people who need a cane to walk. to act now, to stick to help: What does that mean? the rod is to help anyone, we learn meditation, the focus on ability to exercise a certain degree of meditation, with the ability of meditation, as patients have the same stick, the heart can be finalized. But the actual hard, really important thing is the wisdom of the whole purpose of Buddhism is wisdom, not determined. not Eight years is to take a good thing, nor is it met with beauty, or a variety of state are not fond of the former is a good thing. is important that everything you are well aware, is the wisdom to develop the fundamental wisdom. Cardiff For the line we must first get sick stick, then square line: sick people who want to walk, the walk is important, but how do you not go? must first take over a cane, before they can walk. cultivate the heart of the people is the same: So practitioner must first learning set, with set can only be used in ordinary life, the wisdom to adapt physically and mentally.
the fifth to do kung fu. This is the last one is also very important one. just hard when the mood exactly with the motivation to just use common precisely nothing. so many
you Yongjia Zen students:
karma is Most Excellent ah! Very happy! Also very ashamed! Here is where we will study together in Yongjia meditation. Pleased that so many young people to participate in study Buddhism. ashamed that my school repair micro-light, in the learning process, deeply profound Dharma, the majority of successful, such a good one yourself Buddhism alone is not enough to understand. Although my learning is also very limited, but I have to see to Buddhism on the important role of social life, so that we can work together to learn the cause is Most Excellent, I hope we cherish.
Meditation Class begins today The first lecture in Yongjia, Yongjia Zen mm overview of four I parts to describe the general situation of Yongjia Zen:
First, Yongjia, Yongjia Zen master's life
master is named Yongjia, Yongjia Master Who are you? He is our ancestors Wenzhou. in accordance with the Biographies of Eminent Monks, record is not very detailed information can now be found only outline the basic outline of his life, some of the details almost no records. Fortunately, two of his complete works preserved. So although no other details on historical data, but two books, we can see the master extraordinary in Yongjia. From the information available to see, when Yang Yi as he wrote this little biography of the emperor gave him no phase of this posthumous master. there are so many monks, received the posthumous title of Emperor is not much to say, only his reputation and status has been recognized up and down the court will afford them. so when the ruling and opposition from top to bottom, he is a very respected big Germany is very far-reaching impact.
Here, we briefly introduce Master Yongjia. He monk since childhood, life, life is not very long, less than fifty years passed away, it can be considered premature death. But His achievement is very high. Longxing his early monastery in the Western Hills.
Western Hills, about the position is that we now learn Jingshan Gokokuji this area. Longxing now can not find the site. According to Chen Jinwu An article written by Mr. There is a speculation: Jingshan Park is now a piece of land that is most suited to build the temple, is that we now Gokokuji. because, like the lotus bud around the temple, except this place, there is no other more suitable place to build the temple. so he speculated was the master of Yongjia this place may become a monk in Gokokuji. If this speculation be confirmed, I feel very good. because Gokokuji the Chung-hing, so we have the opportunity to gather in the year Yongjia Zen Buddhist monk place to study Yongjia, Yongjia master of light which is shining us. Some time ago, Zhejiang Province, China were commissioned to prepare the publication of a I came to this part of the proof, which spoke of the range. it is also the last Western Hills Jingshan Jingshan only this place is built above the temple. so to infer from the circumstantial aspects, but also can see a grain of truth.
Yongjia Zen monk after the Longxing, France called Xuanjue. Then he called him after a real consciousness is true sleep. hostel feel another one of his name after his enlightenment to prove to the Sixth Patriarch, where the master was confirmed after the Sixth Patriarch spent the night there, so they are called night vision.
special master after learning Tendai monk, beginning early into China is to learn meditation.
Jin early Chinese Zen is introduced to China before, such as the Han Dynasty, and three times passed over the meditation, mainly refers to An Shigao, Lou Jia Chen, Zhi Qian and others to spread. Some of these people passed in meditation is very simple, such as the six Lotus doors, there are some simple sit-ins, called the Zen school numbers. Zen, the full name is you calm down, feeling he was no longer cranky, this time to consider the issue again, may all consider the point. Because the ancients of these methods are very interested in, so the formation of many schools of meditation.
to China before Bodhidharma , at least six or eight of the Zen path to enlightenment, is the number of the Zen school. Kumarajiva came to China to translate the classic Wisdom, The study produced a shock. from a cultural sense, the Zen school numbers, there are a number of means, such as six Lotus doors, it has a number in front of six, eight Sichan it has a four-set, There is eight. That is all there is a level of Zen, the first, second, third grade, and there have figures. For example, pre-only, then meditation, and the concept becomes so only two Law of the. so everything has a number of practice in front of it. So after Wisdom translated classics, advocating no income, Wu Suozhu, air, and then you have this figure right? Therefore, there is still something in my heart, there is a quiet, there is a state, this is not really. So, Mahayana, Zen began to advocate empty, Wisdom, Thereafter, the Chinese talent to really understand the original intent of Buddhism in India. because Kumarajiva, the Chinese people understand space, that is, Taoist philosophy to understand the emptiness with a Lao Buddhist space, can only be similar, but not really understanding. then translated the classic Wisdom after the air has made a new interpretation. is not no, not nothing, not nothing! what he was state? is the state of origin, the reason is very deep. So the Chinese people once they understand the to understand Wisdom.
Northern and Southern Dynasties, Bodhidharma came from India, when the southerners for speculative doctrines, and philosophical study of the theory is very keen, so Wisdom has developed rapidly. Bodhidharma way, wanted to get rid of This special attachment We do seminars have the opportunity to introduce to you.
east from Bodhidharma, the Chinese Zen had changed. before the two stages of meditation: a number of early Buddhist Studies; the second is Wisdom, say air, air experience. Both meditation are called meditation, hard, and do not speak so much theory, because our nature of mind is actually our nearest, in our role in the body and mind it is very readily available. With the front of the basis of these Tathagata Zen, or the foundation has trained us well, Zen patriarch Bodhidharma come to promote, it is easy to accept, easy is good enough.
early master monk Yongjia time is to follow Buddhism into China before and after the order to learn this. Today we are also in accordance with the Master Yongjia order to study the repair learning. Yongjia Zen master to learn a few of the study, but also learn meditation Tiantai Dharma. Wise Master Sect founder Bodhidharma is almost contemporary with the later number. Bodhidharma is over Liang Northern and Southern Dynasties, the wise master of , born Liang, Sui still has life to preaching, to the Sui Kaihuang seventeen years (AD 597) was passed away. Wise Master doctrine of learning has a great feature: those who passed over from the Indian Buddhist, he books of a very respectful, some of the classics on the surface inconsistent with each other about the truth, he will be in context. Why is there conflict? That is because the angles are different. So he has a contract to teach, that is, when the Buddha taught a generation , all the classic give you a reasonable position.
practice in the future, we will find that different Buddhist realm of reading is not the same feeling. sublimated realm of life, way of speaking will be different, different people say different things, on the university student college students, then students said that students, then, to see people that were so, hell that nonsense, the only way to adapt to living beings in the foundation. Wise Master is to the teachings of the framework together, which are which level of the teachings, practice of the method in accordance with the teachings of the hierarchy step by step framework for it. So Tiantai for the practice of Dharma and methods of teaching and view both very seriously, there is a metaphor: like a bird wing, such as the car rounds, indispensable. catechism is taught is the theory, concept is the meditation is practice. This is a wise master of the concept itself, but the descendants of the wise master, or a set of theory and practice of this method summarized the scope of Tathagata Zen . In other words, Yongjia master novice to learn when he is the Tathagata Zen, Zen in the Tathagata, he received great benefit from, the study of rooftop meditation, learn to teach meditation circle, he achieved enlightenment.
founder The purpose of Zen is to achieve enlightenment, the Buddha nature to see us directly, call clear your heart. But the study Tathagata Zen Master Yongjia enlightenment, it does not say that they become enlightened. he was enlightened, he only knows himself that the this reason, ideological level has reached a certain degree, you can now do so by. In this state, he read the is the nor obtained. so many He really is such talk, there is no intelligence and no income. so in the Hyun policy, there came from the Sixth Patriarch Master Yongjia, Wenzhou visit, listening to the master argument Yongjia, I feel like talking about the Sixth Patriarch. Yongjia master said: Of course, he achieved enlightenment, and I became enlightened, how would different from it. Hyun policy, said: Wei Wang For sound, after all the self-taught natural heretics, you still go looking for proof the Sixth Patriarch. Yongjia master to allow students and enlightenment of his disciples from the confidence of students, he told Yuen went to the Sixth Patriarch policy there, so there is a enlightened master is a real person. so we may not be close to good mentor for a long time, you may be half a day or time we met, the problem of their own practice may be completely resolved. You see where Yongjia master to the Sixth Patriarch, after a few dialogue to leave, the Sixth Patriarch Master also reluctant to let him take it right away, leaving him to live a night, Ching Song, large, the temple was divided into a good number of homes, so they are called temples. as University and as each of its lines. Each temple is divided into the monastery, and the Pure Land School, Law School, and later Zen like joy and comfort from this rule do not want to be bound to move away from the temple, built himself a temple called the Temple. not another hospital is a hospital outside of the temple called the House is divided out from the temple. Those places may be called off room for practice, or dedicated to preaching, so the Longxing other homes should be the lower house of Longxing Temple. But Where is it? Yongjia Longxing other homes in the master passed away, later in the wonderful fruit Taishan Temple built on the back of a loose tower, called net minaret or tower called the real body. Net also a barren past Minaret Temple, only cover the Song Dynasty. So it was hypothesized that: Xing other homes may be near the temple in the wonderful fruit, or fruit that is wonderful Temple .
Mr. Nan Huai-like fruit Temple Main Hall before the wonderful write a plaque, and a description of that wonderful fruit Temple was originally built in Yongjia master, but this is written papers, saying that this is unfounded. because the historical data, easily lost, like everywhere now can be replicated. past data may be carved into a stone tablet, not a historical monument may be lost. It is said that There are records, wonderful fruit Dragon Temple in the Tang dynasty years of start-up is 705-707 years. The master is 713 Yongjia passed away, he had not yet passed away, it is possible to build a temple to do Longxing the other homes. Temple to see wonderful results by now is probably the other homes Huguosi. In the past founder of relics can generally cover the tower because the tower is the living Buddha blessed the world good luck and all beings have a ring like a sign, if the relic after the founder passed away , gave him build a tower, so the master passed away in the back cover of this Yongjia called net minaret tower.
relic, there are two, one is a person with good moral knowledge, burn out the stronger after the death of son, is his moral crystallization can be immortal, and moral consistency. Another relic is a body of law, is the ultimate truth, rugged, no birth and no death, everlasting, this interactive.
tower have since built a relic, and that he has not cremated, how to his cap tower? Yongjia Masters passed away in 713 years to the Song Dynasty nearly 300 years. into the tower is sitting niches, and as we cremated. By the Song dynasty was his niche open hair not rot, after his cremation out with this relic, with the relic to build a good tower. Now we see seven towers, was also called net minaret. tower block write also inscribed dug a underground palace. we all know, since there are precious treasures must have underground palace. treasure what is it? results in colorful of the earth and dug up a pot of ashes Sheng, wonderful fruit Temple of worship in the ashes of the old monk tank to find out a great white bean relic, which is the master of the relic Yongjia, which is very rare rare rare treasures. net minaret to the now nearly a thousand years of history, millennium after the ancient tower of the relic and re-circulating in the world shine. If one day, we Yongjia out to greet the master of the relics to the country to receive their pay tribute to the majority of believers, in order to promote meditation and Wenzhou Yongjia history and culture, will be a useful significant event.
second book
Yongjia, Yongjia master master works, the process of formation in accordance with his practice two works: This book is a roll of idea that the rooftop Zen and the number of early Buddhism into China is a melting furnace of the study, compiled a total of ten out of ten chapters so as to learn his catechism, a summary so people can better understand, study meditation roof This is his first book. behest of the ancients in their own, before or when the insightful and thorough enough, is hesitant to write something. Yongjia rooftop meditation master of the practice is a very real benefit from the circumstances, the Yongjia Zen Collection an important work. descendants of that it is melting and the Zen Sect work in a furnace, is not the case, the evidence from the Master Yongjia Song of view, Tiantai meditation a part of Dharma books together. comments on this work, a line of Jing Song of re-layout, arranged it. there is a North Korea and the monks had called the comment classes to learn the contents of the order is based on the process of Yongjia practice to arrange the master, the first part of the rooftop meditation, about fifteen minutes to complete. The second part of the study br> Yongjia the second part of the master book, .
features more than two books: the former a meditation practitioner-oriented, focused state of mind after an expansion, just to Tathagata Zen and the Sect of Zen enlightenment together.
sermon song content, in addition to the joy of Zen state, there are some people in the school is for learning occurred during repair all wrong, all is not right by the phenomenon in detail. Bono is very strange state of mind, and he poured the east, East told he could not down, picked him up is a result, he fell to the west of the heel to go soft. Learning teachings, tell him to pay attention to practice, once upside down, and all used in religious practice, so the two are difficulty righting, error-prone. Thus further studies Mahayana meditation, to learn Wu, of course, the meditation learning process should record the realm of the future is very open-minded enlightenment of nature, he would certainly want this state to write out the sequence from the school before and after the repair look at this is normal. from the state, said Thought Master found: master early learning rooftop, rooftops were the most important Bujing Shu is the The most important of the Buddhist scriptures naturally in the promote the complete and perfect state of cultivation.
Yongjia we choose two books as a master of this textbook of repair is based on the rank order of his further studies and ideological level by the three arrangements: Beginners learn ; Intermediate Learning extract provide a sequential outline of further studies.
Third, Yongjia meditation practice (respect for meditation)
Here, I added a parenthesis: to meditation in terms of Taiwan. A Venerable Hui He also strongly promote the Yongjia Zen, and the the. Hui empty focus is on promoting the Master well, for us it is suitable for the class.
Yongjia meditation practice has five points, five points we want to present further studies as the core and the motto, always alert to their beliefs. Here is the selection of some of idea, we say that the idea is to be called the idea that thinking. We Scriptures, read people, read anything, it just read. but read the first in the wrong? The first is the meaning of the head in your ahead of the read What is it? The interest rate incompetence interest rate concept forget, forget nothing to forget, forget nothing forgotten, left asymmetric dust, the interest rate incompetence, and read off not knowing, knowing off on the left has always been deep silence, http (this is jiong4 Jiong) Seoul not to send, wonderful nature natural. The exhausted hammer, it must have an object you can read, if there is no object you how to pronounce it? so the dust refers to the concept of the object. interest that is the object stopped, the object stopped, with no stop, it The relationship between where? where to find it? you find this concept to students what it was like before them? There is a simple way. Now, we do not have a thought, do not want anything, this time you think about your own home What is it like? home soon coming out, this came out, that is, the concept of dust mm dharma, dharma is the concept. But not to say that the door of your house go to your head here? not. It did not come You should not have in the past, as also did not go did not come, there will be head how the concept of the door? Simply put, that came out before the dust is like? home when the door has not yet, you let yourself think about it, but would like to be reading it, you get to the house door, and ran out the door, then read the head? just want to make their own door to the house, but the door of the house image, the dust has not come out, called dust forget, forget the dust off, and forget the dust naturally stopped, stopped the latter, there is a treat to have it? I can think of people think that door is the thing, the door is the wish of the dust, that dust not lost, I can think of, is gone. So that there is a repair card inside the realm in which to see the idea Yes, it is hard place to start is to see their own idea of what is before them not yet born look, this effort may have to do that later, my first meditation of the main idea to tell you about.
Xing Xing knowing about the second. Xing Xing is plainly not the meaning off the drowsy, so he will not faint Mei. knowing about, is a very quiet, did not shake. do not read outside the territory of all things good and evil, all thoughts are not good or bad, this time you look at is your heart look like? this is knowing about the state of repair due to very quiet time.
forgot margin after knowing about: is the front edge of the dust that is the same. margin is climbing, your mind is climbing thought the house. your heart do not want to, climbing things will naturally stop stopped after the heart will be like? very peaceful. forgot margin after knowing about, the heart of Gnosticism distinctly: outside the realm of thought that the dust is gone, but your heart is not very clear? If clear, this is called the Spirit known. so long as the dust to the outside world to stop, six out of Liu Chen with the outside world, where there are Buddhist saying that goes state, and forget to take care of their own state of mind, the heart of the pain is always to cause interference to the outside world. the pain, there must be some thing is a pain, no nothing, you say he is very painful, it must be joke. Our hearts are so closely linked with the outside world, not to dust down the habit. meditation, that is, outside the bonds of the down. So, after knowing about forgetting margin, distinctly the nature of Gnosticism, which is master.
Wujihunmei Visible: Wuji is stunned, do not know anything, you did not know it? did not seem to fall asleep, do not want do not want good or bad, not bad bad. I had class so often, eyes wide in the far , the teachers do not even know what to say, this is Wuji. Hunmei it, is asleep, to sleep without dreaming, called Hunmei. Wuji and Hunmei is not good roots in the long. Like practice on the road not long barren jungle. more will not increase our merit jungle, its results can only be the fruit of Wuji's other stream, a sense of the future must be reported to the body of a muddle, it is not a good state . Visible is all too clear, plain meaning, which tells us not in the Wujihunmei state, but to clear your mind and body state. deed authentic empty: the around this is indeed De mean deed is need to join, need to join the real original, empty the heart, it is very accurate, very correct. back to say that we are biased towards the side of the watch.
Xing Xing knowing about is: when the heart is clearly white very quiet, not an ordinary quiet, but very quiet, so I knowing about. Wuji knowing about non: Although not a bad heart do not want a good and quiet, because they do not understand the common sense is wrong. knowing about Xing Xing is: I was very quiet, but also well aware of things, that's right. Luanxiang Xing Xing non: Now everyone knows what I'm saying, for all his upside is very clear all delusion, but this clearly is not right.
above Students tell us the idea of starting with the birth and death in the process of how to use a correct attitude to adjust physically and mentally.
meditation, in fact, emotional management. you need a quiet and let his heart became very soft soft very obedient. encountered trouble, Oh, do not worry it! but Bono is not easy to listen to the heart, through meditation we learn to regulate their own body and mind, so that the heart becomes soft and obedient, quiet and serene. So knowing about the process of Xing Xing is a practice important method of cultivation of the mind.
third of the governing law. knowing about good and evil that he did not read the external environment and other things, Xing Xing that he did not live Wuji and other students faint phase: the living is parked in the garage does not move, stop There is not a meditation not move. Some people ride into five hours blink of an eye in the past, pleased to death, in fact, that is not good. Of course, initially to do so can be considered a given, but that is not a good set, because that he did not set in your grasp. Buddhist meditation is to have a good grasp of life skills, management skills. very well, Governance edge considered: edge is climbing, is considered taking into account, so that my heart spin like a gyroscope to stop, to peace and tranquility of the state to seek out the mind of the rule. to rule faint Xing Xing lives: to clearly state to govern white drowsy ignorance, Wuji daze situation. knowing about students faint long live: If you do not have the experience of meditation, I asked everyone to stop all the delusions are sitting here not to move, see, is your heart, a lot of people estimated to ten minutes to be sleepy, why? because our habits of thought is dynamic, and once stopped to nap, so quiet for a long time to start drowsy. Xing Xing long raw edge to consider: If your mind plainly, and has maintained this state in a few minutes You definitely will want something else, a lot of thoughts are coming out, this is a necessary process of practice tells us, is a normal phenomenon should not be too surprising. knowing about breaking Luanxiang: Only to calm down before they can get rid of the idea of a mess. Governance Wu Ji Xing Xing: Xing Xing both knowing about and is the only and the concept of fixed and wisdom, we must support each other, like the two drugs, heat and cold medicine, like medicine, you have a fever, give you eat cold medicine , are you cold give you eat hot medicine. knowing about students Wuji, Xing Xing Health Luanxiang, knowing about, been able to combat confusion and would like to, but also students Wuji undone: Although quiet for a long time to cure down to the delusion, but Then again drowsy. Although plainly dazed on the government can, over time has begun to wander. This tells us how to have a moderate grasp and rule: If you think his head is not clear, and quickly sense is; you feel delusions fly, quickly Jinglv, the most important thing is you have to practice. started two minutes without Dawang Xiang should be no problem, but some people may be more paranoid not stop for a minute, an idea can not stop, you meditation no way. because we are not unconscious, do not get sick, life did not suffer serious disaster struck, hit, the heart still can not grasp, then it is good roots shallow, too many obstacles to secular life is too tight you pull, you can not go back .
Some people have always thought that a good solution to the problem of life so that they are in a state of serene and at ease. but the work, career, family, one by one is important. like a child at the player home, your family, my family, my home banquet pomp than your home, the children told you anxious. Wu Yu Liu Chen, secular life, so we really need to care about it? important for us to grasp the general direction of life, it has a healthy state , to do whatever things. If you do not do things cause, at least have uninterrupted, which is to treat the basic principles of life. We learn meditation, that is, vaccination, do warm-up exercises, learn to interfere with our things down. The easiest way is to feel it now states: the all ideas, knowledge, learning, working all down to when the world does not exist you, then you left? knowing about Xing Xing is very clearly understand their own lives moment of this state, seriously feel it: the sense of balance has been a good rotation, or put a put away?
fourth adjustment method. to Xing Xing is positive, to knowing about the help. so that my mind will not confused, clear clear him regulate Chu, work, life will clearly and simply will not go wrong. then you will feel: the movement of the movement is calm, quiet is quiet understand. as two things are away from the body is not, and do not escape. Do not like a fool to stop wood, moving up like a powder gun. echocardiography is not a pure action, nor a pure stop stop, let yourself know how to move the process of how to move without interference. This is the best state. like the patients, because the rod and the line: Just like the sick people who need a cane to walk. to act now, to stick to help: What does that mean? the rod is to help anyone, we learn meditation, the focus on ability to exercise a certain degree of meditation, with the ability of meditation, as patients have the same stick, the heart can be finalized. But the actual hard, really important thing is the wisdom of the whole purpose of Buddhism is wisdom, not determined. not Eight years is to take a good thing, nor is it met with beauty, or a variety of state are not fond of the former is a good thing. is important that everything you are well aware, is the wisdom to develop the fundamental wisdom. Cardiff For the line we must first get sick stick, then square line: sick people who want to walk, the walk is important, but how do you not go? must first take over a cane, before they can walk. cultivate the heart of the people is the same: So practitioner must first learning set, with set can only be used in ordinary life, the wisdom to adapt physically and mentally.
the fifth to do kung fu. This is the last one is also very important one. just hard when the mood exactly with the motivation to just use common precisely nothing. so many
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
College entrance essay from 31 years to see the crisis of basic education
Make sense to become a critical challenge to become a habit
Welcome Haoge Commentary launched the Editors: Haoge Commentary
Haoge: San Tong Hello, this year's college entrance essay on the subject of critical articles sent out just two days to get a response is not small, Sohu blog page Recommend, causing great Debate. It can be seen, the college entrance examination, education, the general public of these issues are really very concerned about. The purpose of our discussion and criticism is also a responsibility and we expect our education better and better.
St Children: Indeed. I think this is a very good sign, that we are in the interest of public education, but also about our public expectations of responsible education. Of course, this also reflects our education together with the existence of the problem has been made public to the guilt and shame are the future. topics: educators, you really wronged Why?
Haoge: Indeed, education, the nation forward, a pivotal position of education. However, the feedback obtained directly from the article and other who discussed the subject of this essay to speak of view, was that , especially on the effective implementation of quality education significantly. Education reform has been carried out. We should be more education, advice, Weapon. Also how do you think we feel wronged to criticism?
St Children: Tolerance is a virtue However, the virtues of tolerance, embodied in the treatment of individual aspects of the matter is absolutely not tolerated. Otherwise, the error would have been down. This is the first point I wish to emphasize.
educator is not really ;, how to understanding. But this is not the issue we discuss today, so we do not say it.
we now say the least, if China is really to educators, then their efforts are not only social identity, instead they will be misleading the children because of their efforts in the wrong direction, in the opposite direction to educate students, it is not more to teach the more bad? This is not misleading what is it? education of what We do not have to look at what educators do, just go and see all clear to the learned.
and most importantly, education for farmers in the spring as planting was delayed when you sow it, it to harvest in one year to reward you. education and even more serious than farming, you wasted his years, he has to reward your generation. so we always say that people engaged in education, the responsibility of the invaluable education. For a child to said that our education will really determine their lives, and this is difficult to restore educational outcomes. So, in essence, the behavior of education has a strong non-recovery (we see this issue of universality).
education is not personal wish, as long as you stand on this position, you have to hit home a high degree of responsibility. because your face is life, faced with the need for national prosperity, faced with the requirements of national progress. Therefore, I always think that , engaged in education of people into their jobs, when the people swear, swear to God, if you do not fulfill their duties, you will get the roost!
only people who dared to send such a serious oath, we to believe that he / she will work wholeheartedly towards this.
often before I go abroad to Tianjin Children's Welfare Institute shoot film. the president of the orphanage called Feng Liwei (female). She was the selection of teachers welfare has never been very strict, she said to me: If you do not love children, do not come to this job, because this work is to love their children to basis. This is not something one half-day, but over many years to do. < br> If you enter the orphanage building, you really will feel their love, even if it is a corner, can show their true love. This example although some special, but the truth is the same. Child Welfare yard teacher to a large extent is the child's parents and relatives. ordinary school teachers at least the children's friends to do it?
the responsibility of education can not forced out of job responsibility. Education of care responsibilities the conscience of educators. It is ethical to control the.
topic two: education, are just to college entrance examination is still the top priority, education, college entrance or baton. it seems that people have such a misconception that the purpose of basic education is to the college entrance examination. So, the entrance will become a top priority for people across the country. You think that this problem Where are the causes? Entrance Examination cry for many years, but have to admit that China has its own national conditions, in such a big country to organize a regional population of the world's largest exam, it should be said is not easy. In addition to the college entrance examination has not find other more viable form.
San Tong: This phenomenon is certainly not one half, one or two years, formed a decade or two. In the previous criticism, I've said, the formation of the problem It has a historic, very deep-rooted, that is, the distribution of the feudal culture of thought. This is a very complex issue, a few words here can not say finished, but I can try to give an example. < br> Imperial feudal society What is the purpose? to government officials, and to the promotion, to a man is nine ancestral heaven. it is definitely not for education, if we think about it, even if you can find ; bribery, promotion, but to gain a deeper receiving educational opportunities, and accept the purpose of education is to learn to better contribute to society, learn to create, and learn to serve the community. At least this should be the motivation for our country's overall education. However, the feudal vestiges of the imperial thinking too deep, the entrance of modern society, will soon be such a bad idea to edification. and if people think that my words were too much, then we can look at a phenomenon, it is not also re-use college entrance examination what test vestiges of continuity. This is definitely not our original intention and purpose of the national higher education. but simply because of the implementation of education policy at the national implementation of those mistakes caused this error in the form of entrance examination process but also play a role in fueling.
If anyone still think that my words extreme, then we look at higher education admitted to higher education after the essence is how.
graduate students into the community will find a problem, we studied the knowledge There are many no longer do not have access, and some formulas used solely for the purpose but the clearance, the actual work never use.
author undergraduate four-year graduation thesis is completely learned in four years not relevant, and finally, the teacher selected to complete the work and the reality is very close to a paper entitled, I had to go through two months to re-engage a new discipline, and in reply to the whole A results ( 9 teachers are given the results) to get the two graduation class A-one. and very embarrassing that the author is the author four years of achievement in class is always in the last few levels.
This example illustrates what? is not to say how my own, but rather that the establishment of our university programs have simply mindless. divorced from social needs. I had a paper problem is an accident from the factory, I just want to give the accident reasons, or my thesis to be the conclusion of the accident. This topic is too fresh, too practical value, and learned in four years with me completely different things, in order to solve this problem, I have to take the books Museum looking for knowledge.
This gave me a lot of stimulation, let me at that time to set up on the course of university education have been questioned. how is it today?
I think, Mr. Yau criticism of Peking University, referring to the same problem, our education is not to impart specific knowledge to the educated, but let them quickly and directly with the social practice and a direct contribution to society.
can very extreme to say that we learn the knowledge, if not the development of society, then the knowledge is useless to learn from their country's education is a waste of money, a waste of student life, distorting the direction of our education.
Useful knowledge is good, useless facts and refuse no difference. We do not still hold that the old knowledge had been eliminated a scholarship.
now look back and say high school education. It is because we this is a state of higher education, thus making secondary education immediately just like in the past.
I noticed that some people criticized me a feedback on those who abuse this by the fact that knowledge to Hunfan spam to eat. They even direct view of the feudal imperial examination, that the selection of talent.
In fact, they did not have a problem clearly, is the examiner's examination examination, we have to compete for college entrance examination is to enable students to continue training for higher education opportunities. Therefore, no matter what the college entrance examination is not the point of view is the examination.
topic three: a composition test or exam writing?
Hao Ge: Oh, I think the examination provided for private children a level playing field opportunity, but then to restrict the system is no doubt the opposite of social development, particularly stereotyped thinking of taking limits of restricted persons, so Mr. Lu Xun's novel take on the stereotyped criticism disabilities. Back on the exam topic, the discussion on the college entrance examination basically focused on this issue in the composition. In fact, now people are questioning the question, what is college entrance essay in the end of the test? is a test or exam the students writing and thinking their way of thinking? or or other? In your opinion , entrance examination is the student composition what capacity? I have been thinking, if this writer Tie Ning to write entrance essay if you can get a high score you do?
St Children: composition and writing are completely different two concepts.
expression of composition needed is accurate, clear logic, and in the process the surface of their true views. This is the education of middle school students writing the requirement for writing the most basic but most important application of the requirements . If our students in the educational requirements for training them in what writing ability, it must be misleading and destruction. Finally, talented people are not trained, but Yamiaozhuchang destroy the children. essay examinations as students of a is limited to the. within the prescribed time limit, express your views and your ability to control the logic of the subject, the exam is not test talent, but simply thinking ability of students and test their ideas, they look at society and life value orientation.
writing is different, it means the needle is literary or artistic aspects of writing. Only now, we will ask their talent. because it is art, so the need to create; because it is created, you must have talent. This process is not so limited you, and of a people, an hour demonstrated ability to improvise is definitely not talented, but the experience accumulated from their experiences. writing need inspiration, writing study is not the inspiration for the students.
I would like to know the difference between educated people can fully understand. people who know how to write fully understand their writing is not writing the text.
We must be clear that our test objects are high school students . Based on this fact, we must also very clear that we are not selected through this essay that the students writing a high level. Although writers may appear in these, but our entrance is definitely not in the selection of writers. So Our essay writing tend to be the focus of students to think the problems and their value judgments on the objective study of things up, but also to clear their essay topic by the process of resolving their thoughts and find the distance between social needs.
(in my opinion, research and education in China who can put the country's college entrance essay as their survey to study how much this is a is the subject of how our composition out of the question.)
but our college entrance essay is what kind of a question motives? Let us look at this year's road essay:
have good people in the found a small sea turtles crawl from the sand Xueliwangchu, then came an eagle grasping a small turtles, small turtles to escort visitors to the sea, the eagle off. Xueli when a group of sea turtles crawl out from the sand, climb to the sea, the little turtle is the original investigation (police) force. and so good-hearted people left, right to a group of eagles. According to the statements, since the intended subject matter.
then we look at this applause of the education how those who look at this topic:
【Comment】 Volume 2, 2008, the National Language, Writing, from the contents, material composition chosen a candidate is no stranger to many of the stories. From the formal point of view, the two continued 2006,2007 The composition of way - material composition, is still subject to the material does not give, within the autonomous determination of the material point of view, conception, style, characterized by the title, so that moderation is difficult. This proposition not only has a certain openness and has certain limitations. conception is open to thinking on the material point of view are varied, but the material is on the conception of the scope of a prescriptive requirement. < br> This style of questions that candidates can start comparing ability to select the capacity and ability to explore, examine the candidates and then choose the angle to determine the ability of conception, making the candidates in the emotion, talent and personality.
to the material point of view, the perspective of composition is diverse, from the from the Obviously, this teacher's comments to us that the motivation of a Chinese college entrance examination: moderation.
and this time also > ; these words also tell us directly, this essay did not conception, what you see is what conception conception, then if you are wrong horse, you're in trouble. But this essay was surprisingly then, It is to let you go the eye. The farther you go, the more you have a skill, the more you'll fantasize, the more talented. (a question for the teacher, you're so talented!)
the topic and who According to the teacher of motivation, it really is to break apart the brains of students, then crumple the of:
this proposition will compare the candidates can start the discovery of capacity, capability and ability to explore options, and then test of the candidates choice of angle, to determine the ability of conception, making the candidates in the Her school of fantasy.
If educators in accordance with the understanding that the writer completely trained by the school, and to train teachers in the writer what kind of teacher? I think, if they are not writers themselves, they simply have Training does not come out writer. and writer is not that culture. So, thinking that the students and guide them to the values of education was hit by the formation of secondary education are mistaken in culture writer.
However, the questions were Perhaps their brains did not move so much, but the then the material would not give any conception of the direction of the induction, you need this material is very objective. But in fact, this ; small turtle, Comparison essay truly independent candidates can make conception, so that talented candidates filling, individuation.
However, these really can be a conception of social value in the conception it? snake oil of the conception is of no value to speak of .
is more purposive, or let you 0 reasons for contracting it is beside the point. This is the first point.
to get foreign countries if the composition of this evaluation, estimated to have low scores, even more than 0 but also the frightening thing is, it is possible for him / her misdeeds of the last recorded acts, sentenced the plagiarism.
full text of about 1,200 words, get rid of the so-called knowledge of history list 480 words, 720 words in the rest of the text and reproduction of material accounts for 220 characters, and then remove one end of the mm in front of all of this at the end of the paper are corrupt, it is put in front of the facts as a hypothetical, rather than arguments mm left entirely, only 420 students writing their own words. and this is a serious lack of 420 character details The lack of analysis of the complete lack of logic of things listed.
especially the essay topic to do with the title of a time adverbial, for argumentative speaking, very clear in the end you say? essay by unspeakable The reason is that the composition of people do not know what to write.
I really do not see where this article to show the personal characteristics of students. which part belongs to him / her?
and this is what I said, a student in a foreign country is likely to be included in the list of actors misdeeds. The concept of Jing Ke, the evaluation of Wang Zhaojun, are history books on the your own point of view. The act of Wang Zhaojun camp really got the country's stability? If she does not make such a sacrifice, her life then what is it?
emotionally, throughout the essay is too hypocritical, bluff, lack of rational analysis. In fact, we know that it is to write the expense, but it seems too good feel. But why sacrifice? for whom to sacrifice it did not clear the problem. Why do some people willing to sacrifice, the motives of this sacrifice? Why do some people to give and what the power of this devotion?
Finally, I want to say is, writing in the behavior of a small sea turtle demonstrated with the text of the Chinese historical figures who simply are not comparable between. or that he / she stray from the fundamental reason is that he / she did not go to a good analysis of the given material.
turtles of the , it can not pass the signal back, is not dangerous, is not safe. It is because people join, the family makes the tragic fate of sea turtles. This process is not emphasized at the expense of small turtles act as it is not emphasized at the expense losses. the material outside of the center is a small turtle was Eagle made a theme to get ridiculed, it became a joke. So, what is the theme of this story? theme is people face such as small turtles and birds of prey eagles ridicule attitude. who should or should not have this attitude? This so we should be determined from conception. This conception is the people themselves, is to give people the issues raised, the problem with mock turtles and eagle is no essential relationship. So I said, this essay gives the so-called material fact can not selective, only one conception is accurate and correct. That is the end of the original phrase, when people try to be smart, everything could go in the opposite.
and the words have just learned out of this essay question: The You try to be smart, leading to the opposite!
the author of this essay, I just want this next assertion, if this speculation does not change the way your writing is nothing. You do not have to show your talent mm if you have if you pretended to mm the content is not for you, you hypocritical mm your feelings is not real, that also can not get rid of people, the lack of real emotion mm I guess what your true feelings, you mm no thought your mind is thinking of your teacher, your head full of other people's things. You are a child to be destroyed!
In that article, critics reply, I also saw a users are given a Wang Shi.
In fact, both the wolf or the Wang's has long been misunderstood in two words, wisdom, and clever.
which is two values. with the concept of physics to analyze them inside, wisdom comes as vector, but also the direction in size; wise can only be scalar, only the size of the without direction.
a wise man can do very bad things to, like Hitler; wisdom always perform good deeds, such as Buddha, Jesus and so on.
Here is this essay, we provide to you.
National Language II synchronous write Pham Van essay: When survival time
as the waves gently took to the beach again, when the sea turtles call again when returned to her arms, sea turtles were again drilled in fear Sand Point, in front of them, is a full of hope and dangerous road, may be a bright future, it may be cruel end. survival times, always in a dilemma, this time, a weak but very strong small turtles, points out, shoulders the hope and mission of the entire population, although this may be the last one do not, and do not cares whether it is because the final relief that well-intentioned people failed to live up to expectations, at least at this moment, it small of my back under the sunset is so majestic and solemn.
looking at the turtles leave the back, time seems to back thousands of years ago, the beach seems to have rolled the waves, like the Yi River next to the Prince Dan personally to be the Jing Ke Ci Qin farewell poured the wine. this moment, the birds are worth wandering; this moment, the warrior whom also tears; this moment, why should they care about the hero's success and failure. sad, do not necessarily need too many tears; moved, do not necessarily need a lot of rhetoric. Perhaps he did not save the country in danger, but his moment of survival, he points out, the expense of the ego, the achievements of the righteous cause.
; a station connected to the purple Shuomo, left alone Tomb to the evening. Wang Zhaojun's name is, however, as Jing Ke, to stay on top in the annals of history, she is weak in the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members of the era, such as wilderness in her soft grass, but she was also tough as grass-like . campaign, people were always admire brave enemy general; peace in years, she always had been forgotten. However, the survival time, but she points out, stopped the Huns thousand armed and Kazuma, Han stopped spear and javelin. To keep the people hungry and cold, she walked into the cold and desolation of a people beyond the Great Wall; to prevent people wives and children, she has to bear the pain and separation from parents, and went to the foreign country. She , with her weak footer, to straighten the backbone of the nation, end the bloody killings, to avoid the loss of life. Even after her death for a long time, she still turned into an angel of peace, protect the thousands of Chinese people suffering from war.
Chinese nation has a long history of this nation, destined to inevitably rise and fall with honor; of the Chinese nation, this nation has always been indomitable, destined in the survival time, never missing even for national blood fallen heroes. whether it is winter snowstorm swept across half of China, or just happened to dump the power of the whole country, affecting the descendants of each earthquake, there is always so much courage to sacrifice, the courage to sacrifice the people to come forward. both in The first line of the earthquake, marching ruins and broken walls, to the darkness to bring light and hope for the people of the armed police officers and men; or holding a collection box in the streets of the city of love volunteers to pass; or in the countless love carries and care of roads, railway to transport the relief supplies, a few days and nights did not sleep for drivers; or burn the midnight oil in the factory, rushing tents, food, daily necessities and so workers; again or the whole nation, through the a variety of ways, expressing their concern for the affected areas and love to all people. Perhaps we do not know their names; perhaps, no one knows how the story has them. But no matter who, to hear this story will feel that it is these quiet dedication and silent sacrifice of people before the nation and national survival time, turn the tide, against all odds, and this spirit is said of a clock.
no one can live forever, no one nation can always is good weather, peace and prosperity. However, as long as each of us all have the courage to sacrifice such a belief, such a brave spirit of sacrifice, then even if the future we face another big storm, we can say that the soul of our nation still, the everlasting soul of our nation!
topic four: how the extraterritorial essay exam?
Haoge: China's college entrance examination from 1977 to the present, has gone through 31 years in a row. all these years of college entrance essay seems to have been looking for a way out, but the situation will arise often. According to your understanding of the extraterritorial college entrance examination, they usually write about how out of it? can you do for us to make a comparison?
holy child: 30 years is a concept ? is a country in another country lagging behind the longest time, even if you go backward, but also behind the 30-year knowledge of .30 years ago, we also teach the students, we are equal to 30 years behind the others.
now What is the age of globalization, technology allows us a message within a few seconds, generally around the world. Wenchuan earthquake, more domestic than the people I have to first know, because I was the earthquake in the Southern Hemisphere online although I, but I immediately understand the network in China's affairs. And when I called back, the domestic earthquake many of my friends do not know. What does that indicate? that 30 years is too long.
If our educational message behind this rate, we can create what? our knowledge will always be family, how many years ago. This is the institutions of higher education Yau has accused China of course content the reason behind the advanced countries.
our education who are on their own knowledge of that point to continue to bread where obsolete or to be eliminated, the development of newer and more advanced information?
31 times that sum up the entrance in the direction of the college entrance essay. In the back I will be attached to those interested in the person of such college entrance essay from 1977 to 2006, the college entrance essay. look at our what is taking the college entrance examination in the end China and Singapore college entrance essay about the subject. This information comes from the right, a Sina blog. (
According to the Bo-lovers say that this question is a 2007 essay in Singapore A level examination papers, Commonwealth countries is the equivalent of a college entrance exam, passed the A level examination, the results can be recognized within the Commonwealth countries (study permit).
and friends of the blog text into 12 topics (in English) and Chinese translation is as follows:
science encourages doubt; religion quells it the most serious threats the world has ever seen in recent years, comment (in recent years, China's rise is the greatest threat to the world, please comment.)
philosophy only ask questions without answering them, why study philosophy then? (philosophy is and does not answer the question, why learn it?)
studying overseas is an over-rated experience. what is your opinion? (Studying abroad is an overrated experience, what do you think?)
reading fantasy books is a form of escapism and nothing more. do you agree? (reading fiction is an escape of reality, without addition of any other meaning, you agree with?)
how will global warimg change the face of politics in the near future? (global warming might affect the future political?)
do foreigners bring more problems than benefits to your country (your country of foreigners for the problems brought about more benefits than they?)
is work-life balance a realist ...
Welcome Haoge Commentary launched the Editors: Haoge Commentary
Haoge: San Tong Hello, this year's college entrance essay on the subject of critical articles sent out just two days to get a response is not small, Sohu blog page Recommend, causing great Debate. It can be seen, the college entrance examination, education, the general public of these issues are really very concerned about. The purpose of our discussion and criticism is also a responsibility and we expect our education better and better.
St Children: Indeed. I think this is a very good sign, that we are in the interest of public education, but also about our public expectations of responsible education. Of course, this also reflects our education together with the existence of the problem has been made public to the guilt and shame are the future. topics: educators, you really wronged Why?
Haoge: Indeed, education, the nation forward, a pivotal position of education. However, the feedback obtained directly from the article and other who discussed the subject of this essay to speak of view, was that , especially on the effective implementation of quality education significantly. Education reform has been carried out. We should be more education, advice, Weapon. Also how do you think we feel wronged to criticism?
St Children: Tolerance is a virtue However, the virtues of tolerance, embodied in the treatment of individual aspects of the matter is absolutely not tolerated. Otherwise, the error would have been down. This is the first point I wish to emphasize.
educator is not really ;, how to understanding. But this is not the issue we discuss today, so we do not say it.
we now say the least, if China is really to educators, then their efforts are not only social identity, instead they will be misleading the children because of their efforts in the wrong direction, in the opposite direction to educate students, it is not more to teach the more bad? This is not misleading what is it? education of what We do not have to look at what educators do, just go and see all clear to the learned.
and most importantly, education for farmers in the spring as planting was delayed when you sow it, it to harvest in one year to reward you. education and even more serious than farming, you wasted his years, he has to reward your generation. so we always say that people engaged in education, the responsibility of the invaluable education. For a child to said that our education will really determine their lives, and this is difficult to restore educational outcomes. So, in essence, the behavior of education has a strong non-recovery (we see this issue of universality).
education is not personal wish, as long as you stand on this position, you have to hit home a high degree of responsibility. because your face is life, faced with the need for national prosperity, faced with the requirements of national progress. Therefore, I always think that , engaged in education of people into their jobs, when the people swear, swear to God, if you do not fulfill their duties, you will get the roost!
only people who dared to send such a serious oath, we to believe that he / she will work wholeheartedly towards this.
often before I go abroad to Tianjin Children's Welfare Institute shoot film. the president of the orphanage called Feng Liwei (female). She was the selection of teachers welfare has never been very strict, she said to me: If you do not love children, do not come to this job, because this work is to love their children to basis. This is not something one half-day, but over many years to do. < br> If you enter the orphanage building, you really will feel their love, even if it is a corner, can show their true love. This example although some special, but the truth is the same. Child Welfare yard teacher to a large extent is the child's parents and relatives. ordinary school teachers at least the children's friends to do it?
the responsibility of education can not forced out of job responsibility. Education of care responsibilities the conscience of educators. It is ethical to control the.
topic two: education, are just to college entrance examination is still the top priority, education, college entrance or baton. it seems that people have such a misconception that the purpose of basic education is to the college entrance examination. So, the entrance will become a top priority for people across the country. You think that this problem Where are the causes? Entrance Examination cry for many years, but have to admit that China has its own national conditions, in such a big country to organize a regional population of the world's largest exam, it should be said is not easy. In addition to the college entrance examination has not find other more viable form.
San Tong: This phenomenon is certainly not one half, one or two years, formed a decade or two. In the previous criticism, I've said, the formation of the problem It has a historic, very deep-rooted, that is, the distribution of the feudal culture of thought. This is a very complex issue, a few words here can not say finished, but I can try to give an example. < br> Imperial feudal society What is the purpose? to government officials, and to the promotion, to a man is nine ancestral heaven. it is definitely not for education, if we think about it, even if you can find ; bribery, promotion, but to gain a deeper receiving educational opportunities, and accept the purpose of education is to learn to better contribute to society, learn to create, and learn to serve the community. At least this should be the motivation for our country's overall education. However, the feudal vestiges of the imperial thinking too deep, the entrance of modern society, will soon be such a bad idea to edification. and if people think that my words were too much, then we can look at a phenomenon, it is not also re-use college entrance examination what test vestiges of continuity. This is definitely not our original intention and purpose of the national higher education. but simply because of the implementation of education policy at the national implementation of those mistakes caused this error in the form of entrance examination process but also play a role in fueling.
If anyone still think that my words extreme, then we look at higher education admitted to higher education after the essence is how.
graduate students into the community will find a problem, we studied the knowledge There are many no longer do not have access, and some formulas used solely for the purpose but the clearance, the actual work never use.
author undergraduate four-year graduation thesis is completely learned in four years not relevant, and finally, the teacher selected to complete the work and the reality is very close to a paper entitled, I had to go through two months to re-engage a new discipline, and in reply to the whole A results ( 9 teachers are given the results) to get the two graduation class A-one. and very embarrassing that the author is the author four years of achievement in class is always in the last few levels.
This example illustrates what? is not to say how my own, but rather that the establishment of our university programs have simply mindless. divorced from social needs. I had a paper problem is an accident from the factory, I just want to give the accident reasons, or my thesis to be the conclusion of the accident. This topic is too fresh, too practical value, and learned in four years with me completely different things, in order to solve this problem, I have to take the books Museum looking for knowledge.
This gave me a lot of stimulation, let me at that time to set up on the course of university education have been questioned. how is it today?
I think, Mr. Yau criticism of Peking University, referring to the same problem, our education is not to impart specific knowledge to the educated, but let them quickly and directly with the social practice and a direct contribution to society.
can very extreme to say that we learn the knowledge, if not the development of society, then the knowledge is useless to learn from their country's education is a waste of money, a waste of student life, distorting the direction of our education.
Useful knowledge is good, useless facts and refuse no difference. We do not still hold that the old knowledge had been eliminated a scholarship.
now look back and say high school education. It is because we this is a state of higher education, thus making secondary education immediately just like in the past.
I noticed that some people criticized me a feedback on those who abuse this by the fact that knowledge to Hunfan spam to eat. They even direct view of the feudal imperial examination, that the selection of talent.
In fact, they did not have a problem clearly, is the examiner's examination examination, we have to compete for college entrance examination is to enable students to continue training for higher education opportunities. Therefore, no matter what the college entrance examination is not the point of view is the examination.
topic three: a composition test or exam writing?
Hao Ge: Oh, I think the examination provided for private children a level playing field opportunity, but then to restrict the system is no doubt the opposite of social development, particularly stereotyped thinking of taking limits of restricted persons, so Mr. Lu Xun's novel take on the stereotyped criticism disabilities. Back on the exam topic, the discussion on the college entrance examination basically focused on this issue in the composition. In fact, now people are questioning the question, what is college entrance essay in the end of the test? is a test or exam the students writing and thinking their way of thinking? or or other? In your opinion , entrance examination is the student composition what capacity? I have been thinking, if this writer Tie Ning to write entrance essay if you can get a high score you do?
St Children: composition and writing are completely different two concepts.
expression of composition needed is accurate, clear logic, and in the process the surface of their true views. This is the education of middle school students writing the requirement for writing the most basic but most important application of the requirements . If our students in the educational requirements for training them in what writing ability, it must be misleading and destruction. Finally, talented people are not trained, but Yamiaozhuchang destroy the children. essay examinations as students of a is limited to the. within the prescribed time limit, express your views and your ability to control the logic of the subject, the exam is not test talent, but simply thinking ability of students and test their ideas, they look at society and life value orientation.
writing is different, it means the needle is literary or artistic aspects of writing. Only now, we will ask their talent. because it is art, so the need to create; because it is created, you must have talent. This process is not so limited you, and of a people, an hour demonstrated ability to improvise is definitely not talented, but the experience accumulated from their experiences. writing need inspiration, writing study is not the inspiration for the students.
I would like to know the difference between educated people can fully understand. people who know how to write fully understand their writing is not writing the text.
We must be clear that our test objects are high school students . Based on this fact, we must also very clear that we are not selected through this essay that the students writing a high level. Although writers may appear in these, but our entrance is definitely not in the selection of writers. So Our essay writing tend to be the focus of students to think the problems and their value judgments on the objective study of things up, but also to clear their essay topic by the process of resolving their thoughts and find the distance between social needs.
(in my opinion, research and education in China who can put the country's college entrance essay as their survey to study how much this is a is the subject of how our composition out of the question.)
but our college entrance essay is what kind of a question motives? Let us look at this year's road essay:
have good people in the found a small sea turtles crawl from the sand Xueliwangchu, then came an eagle grasping a small turtles, small turtles to escort visitors to the sea, the eagle off. Xueli when a group of sea turtles crawl out from the sand, climb to the sea, the little turtle is the original investigation (police) force. and so good-hearted people left, right to a group of eagles. According to the statements, since the intended subject matter.
then we look at this applause of the education how those who look at this topic:
【Comment】 Volume 2, 2008, the National Language, Writing, from the contents, material composition chosen a candidate is no stranger to many of the stories. From the formal point of view, the two continued 2006,2007 The composition of way - material composition, is still subject to the material does not give, within the autonomous determination of the material point of view, conception, style, characterized by the title, so that moderation is difficult. This proposition not only has a certain openness and has certain limitations. conception is open to thinking on the material point of view are varied, but the material is on the conception of the scope of a prescriptive requirement. < br> This style of questions that candidates can start comparing ability to select the capacity and ability to explore, examine the candidates and then choose the angle to determine the ability of conception, making the candidates in the emotion, talent and personality.
to the material point of view, the perspective of composition is diverse, from the from the Obviously, this teacher's comments to us that the motivation of a Chinese college entrance examination: moderation.
and this time also > ; these words also tell us directly, this essay did not conception, what you see is what conception conception, then if you are wrong horse, you're in trouble. But this essay was surprisingly then, It is to let you go the eye. The farther you go, the more you have a skill, the more you'll fantasize, the more talented. (a question for the teacher, you're so talented!)
the topic and who According to the teacher of motivation, it really is to break apart the brains of students, then crumple the of:
this proposition will compare the candidates can start the discovery of capacity, capability and ability to explore options, and then test of the candidates choice of angle, to determine the ability of conception, making the candidates in the Her school of fantasy.
If educators in accordance with the understanding that the writer completely trained by the school, and to train teachers in the writer what kind of teacher? I think, if they are not writers themselves, they simply have Training does not come out writer. and writer is not that culture. So, thinking that the students and guide them to the values of education was hit by the formation of secondary education are mistaken in culture writer.
However, the questions were Perhaps their brains did not move so much, but the then the material would not give any conception of the direction of the induction, you need this material is very objective. But in fact, this ; small turtle, Comparison essay truly independent candidates can make conception, so that talented candidates filling, individuation.
However, these really can be a conception of social value in the conception it? snake oil of the conception is of no value to speak of .
is more purposive, or let you 0 reasons for contracting it is beside the point. This is the first point.
to get foreign countries if the composition of this evaluation, estimated to have low scores, even more than 0 but also the frightening thing is, it is possible for him / her misdeeds of the last recorded acts, sentenced the plagiarism.
full text of about 1,200 words, get rid of the so-called knowledge of history list 480 words, 720 words in the rest of the text and reproduction of material accounts for 220 characters, and then remove one end of the mm in front of all of this at the end of the paper are corrupt, it is put in front of the facts as a hypothetical, rather than arguments mm left entirely, only 420 students writing their own words. and this is a serious lack of 420 character details The lack of analysis of the complete lack of logic of things listed.
especially the essay topic to do with the title of a time adverbial, for argumentative speaking, very clear in the end you say? essay by unspeakable The reason is that the composition of people do not know what to write.
I really do not see where this article to show the personal characteristics of students. which part belongs to him / her?
and this is what I said, a student in a foreign country is likely to be included in the list of actors misdeeds. The concept of Jing Ke, the evaluation of Wang Zhaojun, are history books on the your own point of view. The act of Wang Zhaojun camp really got the country's stability? If she does not make such a sacrifice, her life then what is it?
emotionally, throughout the essay is too hypocritical, bluff, lack of rational analysis. In fact, we know that it is to write the expense, but it seems too good feel. But why sacrifice? for whom to sacrifice it did not clear the problem. Why do some people willing to sacrifice, the motives of this sacrifice? Why do some people to give and what the power of this devotion?
Finally, I want to say is, writing in the behavior of a small sea turtle demonstrated with the text of the Chinese historical figures who simply are not comparable between. or that he / she stray from the fundamental reason is that he / she did not go to a good analysis of the given material.
turtles of the , it can not pass the signal back, is not dangerous, is not safe. It is because people join, the family makes the tragic fate of sea turtles. This process is not emphasized at the expense of small turtles act as it is not emphasized at the expense losses. the material outside of the center is a small turtle was Eagle made a theme to get ridiculed, it became a joke. So, what is the theme of this story? theme is people face such as small turtles and birds of prey eagles ridicule attitude. who should or should not have this attitude? This so we should be determined from conception. This conception is the people themselves, is to give people the issues raised, the problem with mock turtles and eagle is no essential relationship. So I said, this essay gives the so-called material fact can not selective, only one conception is accurate and correct. That is the end of the original phrase, when people try to be smart, everything could go in the opposite.
and the words have just learned out of this essay question: The You try to be smart, leading to the opposite!
the author of this essay, I just want this next assertion, if this speculation does not change the way your writing is nothing. You do not have to show your talent mm if you have if you pretended to mm the content is not for you, you hypocritical mm your feelings is not real, that also can not get rid of people, the lack of real emotion mm I guess what your true feelings, you mm no thought your mind is thinking of your teacher, your head full of other people's things. You are a child to be destroyed!
In that article, critics reply, I also saw a users are given a Wang Shi.
In fact, both the wolf or the Wang's has long been misunderstood in two words, wisdom, and clever.
which is two values. with the concept of physics to analyze them inside, wisdom comes as vector, but also the direction in size; wise can only be scalar, only the size of the without direction.
a wise man can do very bad things to, like Hitler; wisdom always perform good deeds, such as Buddha, Jesus and so on.
Here is this essay, we provide to you.
National Language II synchronous write Pham Van essay: When survival time
as the waves gently took to the beach again, when the sea turtles call again when returned to her arms, sea turtles were again drilled in fear Sand Point, in front of them, is a full of hope and dangerous road, may be a bright future, it may be cruel end. survival times, always in a dilemma, this time, a weak but very strong small turtles, points out, shoulders the hope and mission of the entire population, although this may be the last one do not, and do not cares whether it is because the final relief that well-intentioned people failed to live up to expectations, at least at this moment, it small of my back under the sunset is so majestic and solemn.
looking at the turtles leave the back, time seems to back thousands of years ago, the beach seems to have rolled the waves, like the Yi River next to the Prince Dan personally to be the Jing Ke Ci Qin farewell poured the wine. this moment, the birds are worth wandering; this moment, the warrior whom also tears; this moment, why should they care about the hero's success and failure. sad, do not necessarily need too many tears; moved, do not necessarily need a lot of rhetoric. Perhaps he did not save the country in danger, but his moment of survival, he points out, the expense of the ego, the achievements of the righteous cause.
; a station connected to the purple Shuomo, left alone Tomb to the evening. Wang Zhaojun's name is, however, as Jing Ke, to stay on top in the annals of history, she is weak in the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members of the era, such as wilderness in her soft grass, but she was also tough as grass-like . campaign, people were always admire brave enemy general; peace in years, she always had been forgotten. However, the survival time, but she points out, stopped the Huns thousand armed and Kazuma, Han stopped spear and javelin. To keep the people hungry and cold, she walked into the cold and desolation of a people beyond the Great Wall; to prevent people wives and children, she has to bear the pain and separation from parents, and went to the foreign country. She , with her weak footer, to straighten the backbone of the nation, end the bloody killings, to avoid the loss of life. Even after her death for a long time, she still turned into an angel of peace, protect the thousands of Chinese people suffering from war.
Chinese nation has a long history of this nation, destined to inevitably rise and fall with honor; of the Chinese nation, this nation has always been indomitable, destined in the survival time, never missing even for national blood fallen heroes. whether it is winter snowstorm swept across half of China, or just happened to dump the power of the whole country, affecting the descendants of each earthquake, there is always so much courage to sacrifice, the courage to sacrifice the people to come forward. both in The first line of the earthquake, marching ruins and broken walls, to the darkness to bring light and hope for the people of the armed police officers and men; or holding a collection box in the streets of the city of love volunteers to pass; or in the countless love carries and care of roads, railway to transport the relief supplies, a few days and nights did not sleep for drivers; or burn the midnight oil in the factory, rushing tents, food, daily necessities and so workers; again or the whole nation, through the a variety of ways, expressing their concern for the affected areas and love to all people. Perhaps we do not know their names; perhaps, no one knows how the story has them. But no matter who, to hear this story will feel that it is these quiet dedication and silent sacrifice of people before the nation and national survival time, turn the tide, against all odds, and this spirit is said of a clock.
no one can live forever, no one nation can always is good weather, peace and prosperity. However, as long as each of us all have the courage to sacrifice such a belief, such a brave spirit of sacrifice, then even if the future we face another big storm, we can say that the soul of our nation still, the everlasting soul of our nation!
topic four: how the extraterritorial essay exam?
Haoge: China's college entrance examination from 1977 to the present, has gone through 31 years in a row. all these years of college entrance essay seems to have been looking for a way out, but the situation will arise often. According to your understanding of the extraterritorial college entrance examination, they usually write about how out of it? can you do for us to make a comparison?
holy child: 30 years is a concept ? is a country in another country lagging behind the longest time, even if you go backward, but also behind the 30-year knowledge of .30 years ago, we also teach the students, we are equal to 30 years behind the others.
now What is the age of globalization, technology allows us a message within a few seconds, generally around the world. Wenchuan earthquake, more domestic than the people I have to first know, because I was the earthquake in the Southern Hemisphere online although I, but I immediately understand the network in China's affairs. And when I called back, the domestic earthquake many of my friends do not know. What does that indicate? that 30 years is too long.
If our educational message behind this rate, we can create what? our knowledge will always be family, how many years ago. This is the institutions of higher education Yau has accused China of course content the reason behind the advanced countries.
our education who are on their own knowledge of that point to continue to bread where obsolete or to be eliminated, the development of newer and more advanced information?
31 times that sum up the entrance in the direction of the college entrance essay. In the back I will be attached to those interested in the person of such college entrance essay from 1977 to 2006, the college entrance essay. look at our what is taking the college entrance examination in the end China and Singapore college entrance essay about the subject. This information comes from the right, a Sina blog. (
According to the Bo-lovers say that this question is a 2007 essay in Singapore A level examination papers, Commonwealth countries is the equivalent of a college entrance exam, passed the A level examination, the results can be recognized within the Commonwealth countries (study permit).
and friends of the blog text into 12 topics (in English) and Chinese translation is as follows:
science encourages doubt; religion quells it the most serious threats the world has ever seen in recent years, comment (in recent years, China's rise is the greatest threat to the world, please comment.)
philosophy only ask questions without answering them, why study philosophy then? (philosophy is and does not answer the question, why learn it?)
studying overseas is an over-rated experience. what is your opinion? (Studying abroad is an overrated experience, what do you think?)
reading fantasy books is a form of escapism and nothing more. do you agree? (reading fiction is an escape of reality, without addition of any other meaning, you agree with?)
how will global warimg change the face of politics in the near future? (global warming might affect the future political?)
do foreigners bring more problems than benefits to your country (your country of foreigners for the problems brought about more benefits than they?)
is work-life balance a realist ...
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Introduction to Communication Review Summary
Chapter One Introduction
Study Guide: This chapter is the
First, the concept:
1.1964 years, Lazarsfeld in the University of Illinois founded the first Institute of Communication.
II Q & A:
1. Communication definition of what is broadly divided into three types:
A: ① Jiangtiao sharing of information dissemination is this
is shared through the dissemination of a message, a thought or attitude, aimed at building awareness among the common. Schramm said: a set of symbols to tell the same intention. B was originally no such intention. Hovland and other American experimental psychologist, believes that communication is technology and other content, such acts passed clam dig ǔ3 spectrum harness ァ thin? lt; p>
Communication Research Section of the scope and object
First, the concept
1. Communication: Communication is of a social, commonality of human behavior and information exchange activities.
2. Communication object of study:
First, according to information passed by the range size, communication can be divided into five research level, that self-communication, interpersonal communication, group communication, organizational communication and mass communication.
Second, the structure itself according to communication research can be divided into three levels: theory, models, research methods (quantitative, qualitative) .
third, according to different areas of research by vertical or horizontal level and research priorities. longitudinal study are: the ancient spread of ideas, organize and analyze the evolution of modern mass communication and so on. horizontal study are: Information Systems Research mm and information processing theory and related technical issues.
Fourth, the dissemination of research can be divided into macro and micro research on two levels.
3. self-communication: within the body or human communication exchanges per a person's own self-communication.
4. personal communication: between the narrow sense refers to the individual and the individual face to face exchange of information. broad, including groups, including communication and organizational communication.
5. flocks: the group communication, refers to the people in the : refers to the spread of modern media organization mm through newspapers, radio, television, movies, magazines, books, etc., on the very wide range of audience that information dissemination activities. a wide audience.
II Q &
1. briefly the origin of Western communication, development and school
all human communication is the study of communication behavior and communication takes place, the law of development and the dissemination and the relationship between the knowledge society.
communication since the 40s of the century, a product of interdisciplinary research. Communication Festival in the United States, scholars from different angles to explore propagation, the formation of a variety of communication modes, using different theoretical analysis transmission. At the international level, communication research can be divided into two schools: the tradition of the United States as the center of school, to Western Europe as the center of the critical school.
2. What are the characteristics of mass communication with mass media
: Yes refers to the spread of modern media organization mm through newspapers, radio, television, movies, magazines, books, etc., on the very wide range of audience that information dissemination activities. audience.
the characteristics of mass communication and interpersonal communication generally different.
① It requires a specific media to transmit information, the characteristics of these media are not the same, collectively referred to as the mass media.
② the mass transfer The information is public, for society; audience is large, anonymous, independently of each other.
③ mass communication is basically one-way flow of information, the audience is not know its name, and from the audience the residence of the feedback is limited, backward.
④ modern science and technology, especially the rapid development of electronic technology to make mass communication more efficient and widespread information transfer. ⑤ Most of the content of mass communication by the organization (broadcaster) and published by professional communicators, not issued by an individual.
In addition, the mass media also has a strong selectivity.
3. Network Communication and Mass Communication What is the difference?
Communication Section and Mass Communication
Q:
1. communication and mass communication links and differences between what?
Broadly speaking, this is two separate courses; narrow sense, which means the Mass Communication Communication.
theoretical framework from the point of view, communication is the study of communication behaviors and patterns of all human knowledge, it can have many branches. Communication is a big concept, the concept of mass communication is small.
Communication research areas wider than mass communication. Communication is the overall theoretical framework provided; Mass Communication is an extension of communication theory, and its relative independence. Mass Communication Theory in the overall communication is still the thriving, research position at the forefront. We continue to study mass communication at the same time, it should be as a basis for further expansion in other areas of communication.
2. Communication and Journalism and links What is the difference? < br> car inside and outside of Communication and Journalism of the relationship has a different point of view, a view that they exist, , despite the mass communication research was mainly targeted at newspapers, radio, television, books and other mass media, the study of the news also is one of the major newspapers, radio and television, but the communication and information are independent and are not necessary can not replace each other.
difference:
① emphasis on communication theory, journalism emphasis on operational research.
② research methods: Journalism follow the spread of the humanities-based qualitative analysis speculative; spread Studies using experimental analysis of the declaration.
③ Subjects: Journalism Research in the content production and dissemination of information disseminators; communication studies over the media, audience and spread the whole process.
Communication and Information Although some school links, but independently.
rise of Chapter Communication Learning Source
Study Guide: This chapter is a continuation of the first chapter is mainly to understand the history of communication. focus on the five founders and the two factions.
Section Communication and development in the West
concepts:
1. constitutes a necessary condition for an independent discipline (selected): consciousness, general, systematic and scientific .
Q & A:
1. Communication why the first born in the United States?
modern Western countries, the United States as the most developed. in the field of communication and dissemination of research is no exception. naturally become the birthplace of Communication .
(1) media or media background
media organizations, initially emerged in the newspapers. Thus the news of the communication activities to achieve the independence and Professionalization .17 end of the century, the U.S. will press; 20th century After the creation of the first radio station. It has the Associated Press, UPI and other well-known news agency. on the use of mass media and research to become the United States nearly all walks of life and significant issues emergency.
from the political point of view , increasing the role of the newspaper.
from an economic point of view, the main role of the media: on the one hand, spread a lot of economic information, especially advertising. On the one hand, for a variety of business services into the media itself a business.
from a social point of view, the media on the one hand to facilitate people's life and work to enrich people's leisure time. the one hand pornographic, sensational wantonly spread of information. This force is given a correct understanding of the academic and solutions to problems.
Americans earliest and most strongly felt in the late 19th to the 20th century the United States, the role in a variety of factors, become the world's most fertile soil suitable for scientific research. talents to pour in from around the world. Here cultivate a large number of new ideas, new disciplines. which lay the basis of the dissemination of the subject.
multidisciplinary interdisciplinary II features
a quiz
1. outlined the formation of communication and academic sources
more precisely, Communication is evolving since the late 19th century, 20th century, 40 years in the rough shape. It overcomes the shortcomings of other claims:
① journalism may be regarded as the predecessor of communication. draw attention to opportunity is to press the cause of the development of the mass media.
② many relevant disciplines as the theoretical foundation of communication.
Academic Origin:
① Behavioral Sciences mm sociology, psychology, social psychology, political science, communication studies, journalism, anthropology, linguistics and semiotics.
② Information Sciences mm information theory, cybernetics, systems theory, mathematics, statistics, etc..
founder of the Communication Section contribution
First, the concept of the four founders of Communication
: Harold. Lasswell, Kurt. Lewin, Paul. Lazarsfeld, Carl. Hovland, Vail Pak. Schramm.
II Q &
1. brief communication Schramm of the four founder and main contribution of the development of communication What?
the four founders of Communication : Harold. Lasswell, Kurt. Lewin, Paul. Lazarsfeld, Carl. Hovland, Welbourn. Schramm.
Schramm's main contribution: he mm is the master of the contribution of the others together, organize, make sound, systematic, and ultimately make it as an independent discipline, the rise in Communication, process and the effect of ; ② over-reliance on quantitative methods; ③ a lot of people standing in the position of maintaining the existing system.
2. dissemination of critical school: focus on the macro level of communication and social system, the relationship between political and economic structure, under the system of capitalism and dissemination of government severely critical of the holding.
II Q &
1. brief discussion on the achievements in communication, problems and future prospects
(results) from four ways:
Translations: Fudan University Press, Department of Communication, the first translation of the text.
meeting: held several Research.
Teaching: Courses Communication Studies, Fudan University first opened.
Application: Communication Studies, Theory. add new treasure house of wealth.
(foreground) Communication Research in China already have a good foundation, just keep both from the depth and breadth of development, progress, we will be able to accomplish much.
2. Why 60 years in Europe School will be the sudden emergence of criticism?
because the traditional school of thought is very flawed. focus on critical school of communication and macro social systems, political and economic relations between the structure of government under the capitalist system and the spread of severe critical attitude held . It is that too much emphasis on the traditional school ① microscopic study; ② over-reliance on quantitative methods; ③ a lot of people standing in the position of maintaining the existing system. It really hit the sore spot in the traditional school. But there are less than critical school: we neglect the micro, meso research and quantitative, empirical method.
3. brief communication and interaction in modern society (Why communication in the information society more and more people pay attention)
interaction between the two, most notably trends that have emerged since the 20th century, 70 so-called ground and background, was the general study and research of the greatest significance.
J. Beni Eagle American scholar believes that the whole economic activity in the industrial revolution accelerated move into the transfer times, which triggered a severe punishment to control the crisis. as to overcome this crisis, we must control revolution, that is a positive development as the control means of a variety of advanced information processing technology. the information industry will be awarded for significant expansion.
the cause of social information, the role of mass media especially the cause. And one of the priorities of communication, is to explore the action of mass media law.
third chapter on the theory of propagation and dissemination of model
Study Guide: This chapter is very important, need to be combined with a comprehensive understanding of later chapters. required to various modes of control and flexibility in the use of practical problems.
Section propagation from the propagation
one study, quiz
1. on how to understand the communication process and decomposition?
communication process that Chuanbo phenomenon of the structure, elements and all should be the relationship between each other. The main task of communication, such as Schramm said, is to study the communication process and results. American scholar David. Boluo a thorough analysis of the communication process, the main argument : ① The transmission is a dynamic process, without beginning or end, no boundaries; ② communication process is a complex structure, should be one of the multiple relations as the basic unit of study; ③ Communication is the essence of the process of change, namely, kinds of relations of mutual interaction and change. he made > R. Buleiduoke add context and motivation are two links to turn it into 7W model.
II theories and models of communication, methods, relationships
First, the concept
1. Theory and models difference: that through the general theory, systematic relationship between a group of propositions and conclusions. mode refers to the reproduction of the reality of a theoretical, simplified form. Basic mode: ① linear model, ② control theory model, ③ social system model.
basic mode III propagation Brief
First, the concept
1. Lasswell model (spreading process 5W): Lasswell pass the communication process is divided into those recipients, information, media, effect, or 5W mode.
2. Shannon - Weaver mode: linear modes, the media is divided into three, the messages sent and received into and increase the noise factor.
3. the traditional linear model: Lasswell and Shannon - Weaver model, represented by transmission has been described as a kinds of linear, one-way type of process. neglected the process of feedback and social constraints on the communication process.
4. cybernetic model: the control theory as the guiding ideology of the communication process model. change ; for the unit (or decoding): Code: cognition - the process of formulation, is to see, hear, think of the meaning, into symbols. decoding: expression - the process of understanding, is to restore the meaning of symbols.
8. Basic groups: also known as the primary mass, primary group, refers to the family, neighborhood, and other intimate partners.
9. reference group: Personal exposure to them may not, but its frame of reference and to establish or change their beliefs, attitudes, and group behavior.
II Q &
1. outlined the contribution of communication process and the lack of linear model
linear model to Lasswell and Shannon - Weaver model represented.
Contribution:
First, the history of communication, for the first time a more detailed break down of the science communication process.
II, the first time communication to build a relatively complete and comprehensive theoretical framework, so that the communication The Establishment of the possible.
its shortcomings, it has a straight line and isolation. linearity of the transmission is expressed as a linear, one-way type of process. do not see the recipient's feedback, but also do not see to other interactions between the various elements. that did not involve isolation process and the social process of communication links.
2. cybernetic model of the main advantages and disadvantages of
cybernetic model change ; for the transmission unit is a model of communication in the third leap?
control theory from the linear model to model the structure complete understanding of the history of spread of two leaps, the basic elements of communication to solve problems, social system model is the third leap, to solve conditions of transmission. J. Riley and M. Riley the first to clearly describe the propagation process for the community, and their mode of propagation substantially overcome one-sided thinking. Marlene Teske process model of mass communication, communication structure of the four factor has not changed, but the complex interaction between the various elements of relationship is sketched out. social systems model of scientific and level of detail compared with the original 5W mode, with the mud of the other clouds. This reflects the spread of human understanding of the phenomenon of more and more comprehensive and profound.
4. a brief description of the mode of transmission Marlene Teske
the four elements of communication structure has not changed, but the complex interaction between the various elements of relationship is sketched out , the relationship between social and communication started.
communicator, the reporters and editors have the initiative, which in turn bear the the individual level, organization level, social level.
recipients, the correspondence with the communicator, we still have a lot of information on the Mode of Communication of the development stage
Communication Mode is divided into three categories, but also three stages: the linear model, control theory model, the social system model.
5W Lasswell's model for the first time in more detail science break down the communication process. the traditional linear model of a straight line and isolation of faults. Shannon - Weaver model is also a well-known linear model, noting the relationship between communication and the surrounding environment on the whole did not fundamentally to overcome the limitations of linear models.
50 years since the beginning, there have been a number of the control theory as the guiding ideology of the communication process model. change the understanding of the phenomenon of human communication more comprehensive and profound.
Communication Research Methods Chapter
general requirements: understand why communication is a school of science and theoretical basis of experience; memory and understanding of sampling The survey, content analysis, the concept of the control experiment and the basic mode of operation. focus on the content of master sampling and analysis, and the principle of control experiments.
Communication Research Section
a general methodology, concepts
1. induction, deduction of the difference
summarized: the data, the data reflect the actual relationship between the theories and principles of organizations.
deductive: starting from the theoretical explanation, to seek data to test the theoretical prediction.
2. probability point of view the difference between mechanical determinism
probability point of view, advocate the use of propagation scenting the possibility of the existence and development to illustrate the complexity of the phenomenon spread.
mechanical determinism that everything in the universe precisely in accordance with a law occurred.'s future from the past all all strict decision. propagation of all pre-determined by the past.
II Q &
1. Communication Research Or why the main features of the experience of communication with the scientific?
(1) Scientific Communication Research
always start with the theoretical or practical topics, according to certain rules and procedures for the systematic collection and analysis related phenomena of information to arrive at meaningful conclusions. science is expressed in:
① Pilot: systematic theoretical framework
② process: a reliable control mechanism
③ research: rigorous analytical tools
④ Conclusion: A good copy function
(2) operational
modern communication is in practice-oriented, focusing on the social context of operation, in the 20th century, 20 years after the creation and developed gradually . The performance characteristics of the study in the three echelon distribution:
① description. the reality of the situation on the study to make a realistic description.
② explanation. that the activities of the research process and the characteristics of the object to explained.
③ prediction and control. According to describe and explain the results, forecast to take some measures or record high after certain conditions, possible changes in the object, or based on existing metrics to predict the object after a certain time interval development.
(3) Integration and quantitative means
integrated as much as possible in the dissemination of research design and research of multiple means of mining. quantitative means of communication and dissemination activities in the propagation of the number used of the study design and analysis tools.
2. the basic communication research
① historical point of view, from the times of all communication activities of people off of reality.
② probability point of view, advocate the use of propagation scenting the possibility of the existence and development to illustrate the complexity of the phenomenon spread.
③ system point of view, to a strong interaction between the factors and relevance as a system. to not only see the trees, you see the forest.
3. Communication Research
the general procedure to start the actual research work and the basic sequence of steps:
① Select objects to identify research topics
② study design
④
③ collect information < br> ⑤ Analysis of data
⑥ conclusion
4. empirical studies of the lack of communication and lack of solutions
: First, too much emphasis on microscopic studies, and second, over-reliance on quantitative methods and the third is a lot of people rushed in the maintenance of the position of the current system.
solution: the critical school's strengths and experience of school together properly, will make a leap in the progress of communication.
II
a sample survey method, the concept :
1. sampling survey method: all the units from the study units to extract part of the investigation and analysis, and the number of units with this part of the overall number of features to infer characteristics of a method of investigation.
2. Random non-random sampling and random sampling
difference: the total of all individuals have the same chance of being drawn in the form of sampling.
non-random sampling: purpose of the survey is only a preliminary exploration of issues, access to research clues and make assumptions, rather than inferences from the sample overall, the use of sampling.
3. sampling frame: the sampling units that constitute the overall number the arrangement formed by a detailed list.
4. stratified random sampling and the difference between cluster sampling and stratified random sampling
: also known as random sampling form.
cluster sampling: random sampling, also known as clustering, is a whole divided into several groups, in order to group units randomly selected from the total number of groups, the group pumping again within units to implement a random sample of census forms.
II Q & A:
1. the characteristics of a sample survey inference
① overall purpose.
② infer the form of integrity.
③ of sampling randomness.
④ controllability of sampling error.
a questionnaire survey in section III, the concept
1. questionnaires: the standardized survey prepared by a group of organic links questions posed by the form.
2. The questionnaire is divided into four issues which:
① aspects of personal background respondents.
② behavioral problems.
③ attitudes, feelings, aspects of evaluation comments.
④
second reason concerns, questions and answers
1. The main features of survey
① standardization.
② anonymity.
③ operational.
2. question the principles of design principles and structure of questionnaire design principles
question:
(1) the principle of rationality
① question whether all the research and theory are the specific assumptions must be made to understand and .
② question whether the universal application for all respondents.
③ questions to the respondents the burden is too heavy.
(2) Scientific Principles
① no mention of the dual problem.
② questions without bias.
③ questions must be specific and clear.
(3) artistic principles
① tactful method.
② indirect method.
③ consider elimination method
④ virtual method.
⑤ Assistance Act.
questionnaire structural principles:
(1) the easier issues first.
(2) the first br> (3) of similar concentration.
(4) after the first general special.
IV
a content analysis, concept:
1. content analysis, content and characteristics of
analysis is a type of literature, is a printed text, video, radio, television and other media content in the dominant objective, systematic and quantitative techniques described in a study.
characteristics: ① objectivity. ② System sex. ③ quantitative. ④ explicit content.
II Q & A:
1. content analysis of the types of
① Practical Semantic Analysis: Statistical analysis of the text symbols, specific information appears in deducing the causes and possible consequences.
② semantic analysis: the meaning of words as symbols of the information contained unit of analysis, reflect the specific content of the text symbols for statistical analysis.
③
symbol vector of the frequency of text for statistical The basic unit of classification of content analysis conducted.
2. content analysis of the strengths and limitations of
strengths: ① the object of study is already on record the message, so the information can truly show the characteristics.
② low cost.
limitations: not just on content analysis content based on the audience to make an impact in the conclusions.
V control experiment
First, the concept:
1. the independent variable and dependent variable: the measures imposed during the experiment is called the independent variables (stimuli); In the experiment by the independent variables called factors that determine the change in the dependent variable.
2. a single group design and experimental group + control group experimental design:
a single experimental group experimental design: only the experimental group but not the control group a simple experimental method, which is on the same object before and after stimulation in some experiments as an observation comparison.
experimental group + control group experimental design: the use of an experimental group and a control group of parallel control study of experimental methods.
II Q & A: control experiment of
advantages: ① to rule out possible interference caused by factors unrelated to observation error, the data obtained more accurate and reliable.
② It can take the initiative to set the conditions required to study propagation effects caused by repeated experiments, can draw scientific conclusions stronger.
Disadvantages: due to the strict control of conditions in which experiments can only solve a single, two-factor causal link a small problem with the real life there is a certain distance, the resulting theory law of the ideal state of multi-causal effect, often must go through the middle of the practice test can be used to address the issues raised.
Chapter
social function of the spread of learning Description: This chapter is relatively simple, not complex theoretical context, focusing on four functions that control the spread of (environmental monitoring, coordination and communication society, cultural heritage, entertainment), and the flexibility to apply to go to a specific topic. In addition should be added that the information environment for the social role of the individual .
Section I of the origin and spread of functional understanding of structure and function profiles
school of thought advocates the main ideas
society as a whole from a theoretical perspective, focusing on the community structure and function between the various components differences and relationships.
functionalism main point is to have all the necessary social survival as a function of the system, that is, social systems, and social system is a very complex entity. the interests of society as human , activities of the organism, must be viewed as a system, and functional point of view to look at it.
Section interpersonal communication and mass communication concepts of the general features
:
1. Learn Pia Jie, Tolman, Stephenson's theory of individual functional capabilities
personal communication, sociability and self-centered can be divided into two kinds. Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget that the sociability of the conversation is trying to influence each other or is in fact exchange views with each other. self-centered nature of the psychologist Tolman believes that there are a lot of communication are instrumental behavior, even the most obvious spread of self-awareness as a tool often used with a purpose. propagation of both the purpose, but also cognitive.
British psychologist Sidifenlin that communication is not intended to accomplish anything but simply to get their satisfaction and happiness, and spread of certain causes of action are relegated to an unpleasant and even painful.
UK media scholar Dennis. McQuail believes that research in this area most of the audience research can be classified in the is inappropriate, personal motivation is only a subjective wish.
2. individual socialization: the mass can often imperceptibly the individual to accept or agree with the universally recognized values and norms, so that individuals and society has made coordinated.
Q & A: McGuire's media content and lack of personal capabilities
British media scholar Dennis. McQuail that most research in this area of audience research can be classified as a meet the motivation as the media is one thing, is not appropriate, personal motivation is only a subjective wish.
the social function of mass communication III
Q & A: The four social functions of mass communication (chapter focuses)
for environmental monitoring. For society, may be issued a warning of natural disasters, facilitate the flow of information, consolidation of social norms. For an individual, to improve the social status of newsmakers. the ruling class, can be maintained and to consolidate its dominant position. on the culture side, and promote exchanges between different cultures, is conducive to the development of various cultures ...
Study Guide: This chapter is the
First, the concept:
1.1964 years, Lazarsfeld in the University of Illinois founded the first Institute of Communication.
II Q & A:
1. Communication definition of what is broadly divided into three types:
A: ① Jiangtiao sharing of information dissemination is this
is shared through the dissemination of a message, a thought or attitude, aimed at building awareness among the common. Schramm said: a set of symbols to tell the same intention. B was originally no such intention. Hovland and other American experimental psychologist, believes that communication is technology and other content, such acts passed clam dig ǔ3 spectrum harness ァ thin? lt; p>
Communication Research Section of the scope and object
First, the concept
1. Communication: Communication is of a social, commonality of human behavior and information exchange activities.
2. Communication object of study:
First, according to information passed by the range size, communication can be divided into five research level, that self-communication, interpersonal communication, group communication, organizational communication and mass communication.
Second, the structure itself according to communication research can be divided into three levels: theory, models, research methods (quantitative, qualitative) .
third, according to different areas of research by vertical or horizontal level and research priorities. longitudinal study are: the ancient spread of ideas, organize and analyze the evolution of modern mass communication and so on. horizontal study are: Information Systems Research mm and information processing theory and related technical issues.
Fourth, the dissemination of research can be divided into macro and micro research on two levels.
3. self-communication: within the body or human communication exchanges per a person's own self-communication.
4. personal communication: between the narrow sense refers to the individual and the individual face to face exchange of information. broad, including groups, including communication and organizational communication.
5. flocks: the group communication, refers to the people in the : refers to the spread of modern media organization mm through newspapers, radio, television, movies, magazines, books, etc., on the very wide range of audience that information dissemination activities. a wide audience.
II Q &
1. briefly the origin of Western communication, development and school
all human communication is the study of communication behavior and communication takes place, the law of development and the dissemination and the relationship between the knowledge society.
communication since the 40s of the century, a product of interdisciplinary research. Communication Festival in the United States, scholars from different angles to explore propagation, the formation of a variety of communication modes, using different theoretical analysis transmission. At the international level, communication research can be divided into two schools: the tradition of the United States as the center of school, to Western Europe as the center of the critical school.
2. What are the characteristics of mass communication with mass media
: Yes refers to the spread of modern media organization mm through newspapers, radio, television, movies, magazines, books, etc., on the very wide range of audience that information dissemination activities. audience.
the characteristics of mass communication and interpersonal communication generally different.
① It requires a specific media to transmit information, the characteristics of these media are not the same, collectively referred to as the mass media.
② the mass transfer The information is public, for society; audience is large, anonymous, independently of each other.
③ mass communication is basically one-way flow of information, the audience is not know its name, and from the audience the residence of the feedback is limited, backward.
④ modern science and technology, especially the rapid development of electronic technology to make mass communication more efficient and widespread information transfer. ⑤ Most of the content of mass communication by the organization (broadcaster) and published by professional communicators, not issued by an individual.
In addition, the mass media also has a strong selectivity.
3. Network Communication and Mass Communication What is the difference?
Communication Section and Mass Communication
Q:
1. communication and mass communication links and differences between what?
Broadly speaking, this is two separate courses; narrow sense, which means the Mass Communication Communication.
theoretical framework from the point of view, communication is the study of communication behaviors and patterns of all human knowledge, it can have many branches. Communication is a big concept, the concept of mass communication is small.
Communication research areas wider than mass communication. Communication is the overall theoretical framework provided; Mass Communication is an extension of communication theory, and its relative independence. Mass Communication Theory in the overall communication is still the thriving, research position at the forefront. We continue to study mass communication at the same time, it should be as a basis for further expansion in other areas of communication.
2. Communication and Journalism and links What is the difference? < br> car inside and outside of Communication and Journalism of the relationship has a different point of view, a view that they exist, , despite the mass communication research was mainly targeted at newspapers, radio, television, books and other mass media, the study of the news also is one of the major newspapers, radio and television, but the communication and information are independent and are not necessary can not replace each other.
difference:
① emphasis on communication theory, journalism emphasis on operational research.
② research methods: Journalism follow the spread of the humanities-based qualitative analysis speculative; spread Studies using experimental analysis of the declaration.
③ Subjects: Journalism Research in the content production and dissemination of information disseminators; communication studies over the media, audience and spread the whole process.
Communication and Information Although some school links, but independently.
rise of Chapter Communication Learning Source
Study Guide: This chapter is a continuation of the first chapter is mainly to understand the history of communication. focus on the five founders and the two factions.
Section Communication and development in the West
concepts:
1. constitutes a necessary condition for an independent discipline (selected): consciousness, general, systematic and scientific .
Q & A:
1. Communication why the first born in the United States?
modern Western countries, the United States as the most developed. in the field of communication and dissemination of research is no exception. naturally become the birthplace of Communication .
(1) media or media background
media organizations, initially emerged in the newspapers. Thus the news of the communication activities to achieve the independence and Professionalization .17 end of the century, the U.S. will press; 20th century After the creation of the first radio station. It has the Associated Press, UPI and other well-known news agency. on the use of mass media and research to become the United States nearly all walks of life and significant issues emergency.
from the political point of view , increasing the role of the newspaper.
from an economic point of view, the main role of the media: on the one hand, spread a lot of economic information, especially advertising. On the one hand, for a variety of business services into the media itself a business.
from a social point of view, the media on the one hand to facilitate people's life and work to enrich people's leisure time. the one hand pornographic, sensational wantonly spread of information. This force is given a correct understanding of the academic and solutions to problems.
Americans earliest and most strongly felt in the late 19th to the 20th century the United States, the role in a variety of factors, become the world's most fertile soil suitable for scientific research. talents to pour in from around the world. Here cultivate a large number of new ideas, new disciplines. which lay the basis of the dissemination of the subject.
multidisciplinary interdisciplinary II features
a quiz
1. outlined the formation of communication and academic sources
more precisely, Communication is evolving since the late 19th century, 20th century, 40 years in the rough shape. It overcomes the shortcomings of other claims:
① journalism may be regarded as the predecessor of communication. draw attention to opportunity is to press the cause of the development of the mass media.
② many relevant disciplines as the theoretical foundation of communication.
Academic Origin:
① Behavioral Sciences mm sociology, psychology, social psychology, political science, communication studies, journalism, anthropology, linguistics and semiotics.
② Information Sciences mm information theory, cybernetics, systems theory, mathematics, statistics, etc..
founder of the Communication Section contribution
First, the concept of the four founders of Communication
: Harold. Lasswell, Kurt. Lewin, Paul. Lazarsfeld, Carl. Hovland, Vail Pak. Schramm.
II Q &
1. brief communication Schramm of the four founder and main contribution of the development of communication What?
the four founders of Communication : Harold. Lasswell, Kurt. Lewin, Paul. Lazarsfeld, Carl. Hovland, Welbourn. Schramm.
Schramm's main contribution: he mm is the master of the contribution of the others together, organize, make sound, systematic, and ultimately make it as an independent discipline, the rise in Communication, process and the effect of ; ② over-reliance on quantitative methods; ③ a lot of people standing in the position of maintaining the existing system.
2. dissemination of critical school: focus on the macro level of communication and social system, the relationship between political and economic structure, under the system of capitalism and dissemination of government severely critical of the holding.
II Q &
1. brief discussion on the achievements in communication, problems and future prospects
(results) from four ways:
Translations: Fudan University Press, Department of Communication, the first translation of the text.
meeting: held several Research.
Teaching: Courses Communication Studies, Fudan University first opened.
Application: Communication Studies, Theory. add new treasure house of wealth.
(foreground) Communication Research in China already have a good foundation, just keep both from the depth and breadth of development, progress, we will be able to accomplish much.
2. Why 60 years in Europe School will be the sudden emergence of criticism?
because the traditional school of thought is very flawed. focus on critical school of communication and macro social systems, political and economic relations between the structure of government under the capitalist system and the spread of severe critical attitude held . It is that too much emphasis on the traditional school ① microscopic study; ② over-reliance on quantitative methods; ③ a lot of people standing in the position of maintaining the existing system. It really hit the sore spot in the traditional school. But there are less than critical school: we neglect the micro, meso research and quantitative, empirical method.
3. brief communication and interaction in modern society (Why communication in the information society more and more people pay attention)
interaction between the two, most notably trends that have emerged since the 20th century, 70 so-called ground and background, was the general study and research of the greatest significance.
J. Beni Eagle American scholar believes that the whole economic activity in the industrial revolution accelerated move into the transfer times, which triggered a severe punishment to control the crisis. as to overcome this crisis, we must control revolution, that is a positive development as the control means of a variety of advanced information processing technology. the information industry will be awarded for significant expansion.
the cause of social information, the role of mass media especially the cause. And one of the priorities of communication, is to explore the action of mass media law.
third chapter on the theory of propagation and dissemination of model
Study Guide: This chapter is very important, need to be combined with a comprehensive understanding of later chapters. required to various modes of control and flexibility in the use of practical problems.
Section propagation from the propagation
one study, quiz
1. on how to understand the communication process and decomposition?
communication process that Chuanbo phenomenon of the structure, elements and all should be the relationship between each other. The main task of communication, such as Schramm said, is to study the communication process and results. American scholar David. Boluo a thorough analysis of the communication process, the main argument : ① The transmission is a dynamic process, without beginning or end, no boundaries; ② communication process is a complex structure, should be one of the multiple relations as the basic unit of study; ③ Communication is the essence of the process of change, namely, kinds of relations of mutual interaction and change. he made > R. Buleiduoke add context and motivation are two links to turn it into 7W model.
II theories and models of communication, methods, relationships
First, the concept
1. Theory and models difference: that through the general theory, systematic relationship between a group of propositions and conclusions. mode refers to the reproduction of the reality of a theoretical, simplified form. Basic mode: ① linear model, ② control theory model, ③ social system model.
basic mode III propagation Brief
First, the concept
1. Lasswell model (spreading process 5W): Lasswell pass the communication process is divided into those recipients, information, media, effect, or 5W mode.
2. Shannon - Weaver mode: linear modes, the media is divided into three, the messages sent and received into and increase the noise factor.
3. the traditional linear model: Lasswell and Shannon - Weaver model, represented by transmission has been described as a kinds of linear, one-way type of process. neglected the process of feedback and social constraints on the communication process.
4. cybernetic model: the control theory as the guiding ideology of the communication process model. change ; for the unit (or decoding): Code: cognition - the process of formulation, is to see, hear, think of the meaning, into symbols. decoding: expression - the process of understanding, is to restore the meaning of symbols.
8. Basic groups: also known as the primary mass, primary group, refers to the family, neighborhood, and other intimate partners.
9. reference group: Personal exposure to them may not, but its frame of reference and to establish or change their beliefs, attitudes, and group behavior.
II Q &
1. outlined the contribution of communication process and the lack of linear model
linear model to Lasswell and Shannon - Weaver model represented.
Contribution:
First, the history of communication, for the first time a more detailed break down of the science communication process.
II, the first time communication to build a relatively complete and comprehensive theoretical framework, so that the communication The Establishment of the possible.
its shortcomings, it has a straight line and isolation. linearity of the transmission is expressed as a linear, one-way type of process. do not see the recipient's feedback, but also do not see to other interactions between the various elements. that did not involve isolation process and the social process of communication links.
2. cybernetic model of the main advantages and disadvantages of
cybernetic model change ; for the transmission unit is a model of communication in the third leap?
control theory from the linear model to model the structure complete understanding of the history of spread of two leaps, the basic elements of communication to solve problems, social system model is the third leap, to solve conditions of transmission. J. Riley and M. Riley the first to clearly describe the propagation process for the community, and their mode of propagation substantially overcome one-sided thinking. Marlene Teske process model of mass communication, communication structure of the four factor has not changed, but the complex interaction between the various elements of relationship is sketched out. social systems model of scientific and level of detail compared with the original 5W mode, with the mud of the other clouds. This reflects the spread of human understanding of the phenomenon of more and more comprehensive and profound.
4. a brief description of the mode of transmission Marlene Teske
the four elements of communication structure has not changed, but the complex interaction between the various elements of relationship is sketched out , the relationship between social and communication started.
communicator, the reporters and editors have the initiative, which in turn bear the the individual level, organization level, social level.
recipients, the correspondence with the communicator, we still have a lot of information on the Mode of Communication of the development stage
Communication Mode is divided into three categories, but also three stages: the linear model, control theory model, the social system model.
5W Lasswell's model for the first time in more detail science break down the communication process. the traditional linear model of a straight line and isolation of faults. Shannon - Weaver model is also a well-known linear model, noting the relationship between communication and the surrounding environment on the whole did not fundamentally to overcome the limitations of linear models.
50 years since the beginning, there have been a number of the control theory as the guiding ideology of the communication process model. change the understanding of the phenomenon of human communication more comprehensive and profound.
Communication Research Methods Chapter
general requirements: understand why communication is a school of science and theoretical basis of experience; memory and understanding of sampling The survey, content analysis, the concept of the control experiment and the basic mode of operation. focus on the content of master sampling and analysis, and the principle of control experiments.
Communication Research Section
a general methodology, concepts
1. induction, deduction of the difference
summarized: the data, the data reflect the actual relationship between the theories and principles of organizations.
deductive: starting from the theoretical explanation, to seek data to test the theoretical prediction.
2. probability point of view the difference between mechanical determinism
probability point of view, advocate the use of propagation scenting the possibility of the existence and development to illustrate the complexity of the phenomenon spread.
mechanical determinism that everything in the universe precisely in accordance with a law occurred.'s future from the past all all strict decision. propagation of all pre-determined by the past.
II Q &
1. Communication Research Or why the main features of the experience of communication with the scientific?
(1) Scientific Communication Research
always start with the theoretical or practical topics, according to certain rules and procedures for the systematic collection and analysis related phenomena of information to arrive at meaningful conclusions. science is expressed in:
① Pilot: systematic theoretical framework
② process: a reliable control mechanism
③ research: rigorous analytical tools
④ Conclusion: A good copy function
(2) operational
modern communication is in practice-oriented, focusing on the social context of operation, in the 20th century, 20 years after the creation and developed gradually . The performance characteristics of the study in the three echelon distribution:
① description. the reality of the situation on the study to make a realistic description.
② explanation. that the activities of the research process and the characteristics of the object to explained.
③ prediction and control. According to describe and explain the results, forecast to take some measures or record high after certain conditions, possible changes in the object, or based on existing metrics to predict the object after a certain time interval development.
(3) Integration and quantitative means
integrated as much as possible in the dissemination of research design and research of multiple means of mining. quantitative means of communication and dissemination activities in the propagation of the number used of the study design and analysis tools.
2. the basic communication research
① historical point of view, from the times of all communication activities of people off of reality.
② probability point of view, advocate the use of propagation scenting the possibility of the existence and development to illustrate the complexity of the phenomenon spread.
③ system point of view, to a strong interaction between the factors and relevance as a system. to not only see the trees, you see the forest.
3. Communication Research
the general procedure to start the actual research work and the basic sequence of steps:
① Select objects to identify research topics
② study design
④
③ collect information < br> ⑤ Analysis of data
⑥ conclusion
4. empirical studies of the lack of communication and lack of solutions
: First, too much emphasis on microscopic studies, and second, over-reliance on quantitative methods and the third is a lot of people rushed in the maintenance of the position of the current system.
solution: the critical school's strengths and experience of school together properly, will make a leap in the progress of communication.
II
a sample survey method, the concept :
1. sampling survey method: all the units from the study units to extract part of the investigation and analysis, and the number of units with this part of the overall number of features to infer characteristics of a method of investigation.
2. Random non-random sampling and random sampling
difference: the total of all individuals have the same chance of being drawn in the form of sampling.
non-random sampling: purpose of the survey is only a preliminary exploration of issues, access to research clues and make assumptions, rather than inferences from the sample overall, the use of sampling.
3. sampling frame: the sampling units that constitute the overall number the arrangement formed by a detailed list.
4. stratified random sampling and the difference between cluster sampling and stratified random sampling
: also known as random sampling form.
cluster sampling: random sampling, also known as clustering, is a whole divided into several groups, in order to group units randomly selected from the total number of groups, the group pumping again within units to implement a random sample of census forms.
II Q & A:
1. the characteristics of a sample survey inference
① overall purpose.
② infer the form of integrity.
③ of sampling randomness.
④ controllability of sampling error.
a questionnaire survey in section III, the concept
1. questionnaires: the standardized survey prepared by a group of organic links questions posed by the form.
2. The questionnaire is divided into four issues which:
① aspects of personal background respondents.
② behavioral problems.
③ attitudes, feelings, aspects of evaluation comments.
④
second reason concerns, questions and answers
1. The main features of survey
① standardization.
② anonymity.
③ operational.
2. question the principles of design principles and structure of questionnaire design principles
question:
(1) the principle of rationality
① question whether all the research and theory are the specific assumptions must be made to understand and .
② question whether the universal application for all respondents.
③ questions to the respondents the burden is too heavy.
(2) Scientific Principles
① no mention of the dual problem.
② questions without bias.
③ questions must be specific and clear.
(3) artistic principles
① tactful method.
② indirect method.
③ consider elimination method
④ virtual method.
⑤ Assistance Act.
questionnaire structural principles:
(1) the easier issues first.
(2) the first br> (3) of similar concentration.
(4) after the first general special.
IV
a content analysis, concept:
1. content analysis, content and characteristics of
analysis is a type of literature, is a printed text, video, radio, television and other media content in the dominant objective, systematic and quantitative techniques described in a study.
characteristics: ① objectivity. ② System sex. ③ quantitative. ④ explicit content.
II Q & A:
1. content analysis of the types of
① Practical Semantic Analysis: Statistical analysis of the text symbols, specific information appears in deducing the causes and possible consequences.
② semantic analysis: the meaning of words as symbols of the information contained unit of analysis, reflect the specific content of the text symbols for statistical analysis.
③
symbol vector of the frequency of text for statistical The basic unit of classification of content analysis conducted.
2. content analysis of the strengths and limitations of
strengths: ① the object of study is already on record the message, so the information can truly show the characteristics.
② low cost.
limitations: not just on content analysis content based on the audience to make an impact in the conclusions.
V control experiment
First, the concept:
1. the independent variable and dependent variable: the measures imposed during the experiment is called the independent variables (stimuli); In the experiment by the independent variables called factors that determine the change in the dependent variable.
2. a single group design and experimental group + control group experimental design:
a single experimental group experimental design: only the experimental group but not the control group a simple experimental method, which is on the same object before and after stimulation in some experiments as an observation comparison.
experimental group + control group experimental design: the use of an experimental group and a control group of parallel control study of experimental methods.
II Q & A: control experiment of
advantages: ① to rule out possible interference caused by factors unrelated to observation error, the data obtained more accurate and reliable.
② It can take the initiative to set the conditions required to study propagation effects caused by repeated experiments, can draw scientific conclusions stronger.
Disadvantages: due to the strict control of conditions in which experiments can only solve a single, two-factor causal link a small problem with the real life there is a certain distance, the resulting theory law of the ideal state of multi-causal effect, often must go through the middle of the practice test can be used to address the issues raised.
Chapter
social function of the spread of learning Description: This chapter is relatively simple, not complex theoretical context, focusing on four functions that control the spread of (environmental monitoring, coordination and communication society, cultural heritage, entertainment), and the flexibility to apply to go to a specific topic. In addition should be added that the information environment for the social role of the individual .
Section I of the origin and spread of functional understanding of structure and function profiles
school of thought advocates the main ideas
society as a whole from a theoretical perspective, focusing on the community structure and function between the various components differences and relationships.
functionalism main point is to have all the necessary social survival as a function of the system, that is, social systems, and social system is a very complex entity. the interests of society as human , activities of the organism, must be viewed as a system, and functional point of view to look at it.
Section interpersonal communication and mass communication concepts of the general features
:
1. Learn Pia Jie, Tolman, Stephenson's theory of individual functional capabilities
personal communication, sociability and self-centered can be divided into two kinds. Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget that the sociability of the conversation is trying to influence each other or is in fact exchange views with each other. self-centered nature of the psychologist Tolman believes that there are a lot of communication are instrumental behavior, even the most obvious spread of self-awareness as a tool often used with a purpose. propagation of both the purpose, but also cognitive.
British psychologist Sidifenlin that communication is not intended to accomplish anything but simply to get their satisfaction and happiness, and spread of certain causes of action are relegated to an unpleasant and even painful.
UK media scholar Dennis. McQuail believes that research in this area most of the audience research can be classified in the is inappropriate, personal motivation is only a subjective wish.
2. individual socialization: the mass can often imperceptibly the individual to accept or agree with the universally recognized values and norms, so that individuals and society has made coordinated.
Q & A: McGuire's media content and lack of personal capabilities
British media scholar Dennis. McQuail that most research in this area of audience research can be classified as a meet the motivation as the media is one thing, is not appropriate, personal motivation is only a subjective wish.
the social function of mass communication III
Q & A: The four social functions of mass communication (chapter focuses)
for environmental monitoring. For society, may be issued a warning of natural disasters, facilitate the flow of information, consolidation of social norms. For an individual, to improve the social status of newsmakers. the ruling class, can be maintained and to consolidate its dominant position. on the culture side, and promote exchanges between different cultures, is conducive to the development of various cultures ...
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)